{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:53:55Z","timestamp":1791845635371,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,2,1]],"date-time":"2027-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1801440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001412","name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/135(0936)\/2021-EMR-I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/135(0936)\/2021-EMR-I"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001412","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunology Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:44:39Z","timestamp":1790783079000},"page":"107243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Tomatine augments T cell-mediated protective immunity induced by first-generation Leishmania antigen against visceral leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"283","author":[{"given":"Isha","family":"Saini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9071-7950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sukhbir","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109059","article-title":"Unwelcome prevalence of leishmaniasis with several other infectious diseases","volume":"110","author":"Saini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1052478","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: recent epidemiological studies in the Middle East","volume":"13","author":"Knight","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101887","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment regimens in different geographical areas with a focus on pediatrics","volume":"10","author":"Scarpini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2024.104826","article-title":"Leishmania vaccine development: a comprehensive review","volume":"399-400","author":"Saini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7040054","article-title":"Immune responses in leishmaniasis: an overview","volume":"7","author":"Costa-da-Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8050276","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: immune cells crosstalk in macrophage polarization","volume":"8","author":"Almeida","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2016.07.010","article-title":"Memory T cells in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"309","author":"Glennie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1304696","article-title":"Memory T cells: promising biomarkers for evaluating protection and vaccine efficacy against leishmaniasis","volume":"15","author":"Nateghi-Rostami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11010158","article-title":"Central and effector memory human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during cutaneous leishmaniasis and after in vitro stimulation with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis epitopes","volume":"11","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204491","article-title":"Vaccination with whole-cell killed or recombinant leishmanial protein and toll-like receptor agonists against Leishmania tropica in BALB\/c mice","volume":"13","author":"Rostamian","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.085","article-title":"First generation leishmaniasis vaccines: a review of field efficacy trials","volume":"26","author":"Noazin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2009.07.008","article-title":"Induction of cellular and humoral responses by autoclaved and heat-killed antigen of Leishmania donovani in experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"58","author":"Nagill","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.125077","article-title":"Unleashing the role of potential adjuvants in leishmaniasis","volume":"669","author":"Saini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2021.108933","article-title":"The steroidal alkaloids \u03b1-tomatine and tomatidine: panorama of their mode of action and pharmacological properties","volume":"176","author":"Bailly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.03.022","article-title":"Immunobiology of the tomatine adjuvant","volume":"22","author":"Morrow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Saudagar, V.K. Dubey, Cloning, expression, characterization and inhibition studies on trypanothione synthetase, a drug target enzyme, from Leishmania donovani, (2011).","DOI":"10.1515\/BC-2011-222"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.101928","article-title":"Evaluation of antileishmanial efficacy of Salidroside against the SSG-sensitive and resistant strain of Leishmania donovani","volume":"72","author":"Chauhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105021","article-title":"Potential of TLR agonist as an adjuvant in Leishmania vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"158","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.01.015","article-title":"Enhanced efficacy and immunogenicity of 78\u00e1kDa antigen formulated in various adjuvants against murine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"28","author":"Nagill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2011.01.054","article-title":"Adjuvant effects of Astragalus saponins macrophyllosaponin B and astragaloside VII","volume":"134","author":"Nalbantsoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.11.064","article-title":"Lipophosphoglycan-3 protein from Leishmania infantum chagasi plus saponin adjuvant: a new promising vaccine against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"39","author":"de Oliveira Emerick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13020129","article-title":"Efficacy of LaAg vaccine associated with saponin against Leishmania amazonensis infection","volume":"13","author":"de Mello","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0023","first-page":"119","article-title":"Regulation of Leishmania populations within the host. I. the variable course of Leishmania donovani infections in mice","volume":"30","author":"Bradley","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.09.104","article-title":"Immunotherapeutic potential of Codonopsis clematidea and naringenin against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"108","author":"Kaur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003300","article-title":"CD8+ T cells are preferentially activated during primary low dose Leishmania major infection but are completely dispensable during secondary anti-leishmania immunity","volume":"8","author":"Okwor","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019000659","article-title":"Lupeol induces immunity and protective efficacy in a murine model against visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"146","author":"Kaur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03943-y","article-title":"Mahanine exerts in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial activity by modulation of redox homeostasis","volume":"7","author":"Roy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2021.152057","article-title":"Immune induction by adjuvanted Leishmania donovani vaccines against the visceral leishmaniasis in BALB\/c mice","volume":"226","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212 \u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12910","article-title":"Paradoxical immune response in leishmaniasis: the role of toll-like receptors in disease progression","volume":"44","author":"Bamigbola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020252","article-title":"Chimeric vaccines designed by immunoinformatics-activated polyfunctional and memory T cells that trigger protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"De Brito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071146","article-title":"A recombinant chimeric protein-based vaccine containing T-cell epitopes from amastigote proteins and combined with distinct adjuvants, induces immunogenicity and protection against leishmania infantum infection","volume":"10","author":"Lage","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.09.026","article-title":"Activity of rutin, a potent flavonoid against SSG-sensitive and-resistant Leishmania donovani parasites in experimental leishmaniasis","volume":"64","author":"Chauhan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111671","article-title":"Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: a review and assessment of recent research","volume":"139","author":"Elmahallawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-8","article-title":"IL-4 contributes to failure, and colludes with IL-10 to exacerbate Leishmania donovani infection following administration of a subcutaneous leishmanial antigen vaccine","volume":"14","author":"Bhowmick","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2019.01.005","article-title":"Protection induced by Leishmania major antigens and the imiquimod adjuvant encapsulated on liposomes in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"70","author":"Mehravaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30029","article-title":"Neutrophils and visceral leishmaniasis: impact on innate immune response and cross-talks with macrophages and dendritic cells","volume":"236","author":"Kupani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2018.03.005","article-title":"Elucidating the mechanisms of action of saponin-derived adjuvants","volume":"39","author":"Marciani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.10.009","article-title":"Therapy with radio-attenuated vaccine in experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis showed enhanced T cell and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels, suppressed tumor growth factor-beta production with higher expression of some signaling molecules","volume":"19","author":"Datta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brazilian J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3390\/immuno2010015","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen interaction in leishmaniasis: immune response and vaccination strategies","volume":"2","author":"Yasmin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immuno"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16050707","article-title":"High selectivity of 8-hydroxyquinoline on Leishmania (Leishmania) and Leishmania (Viannia) species correlates with a potent therapeutic activity in vivo","volume":"16","author":"de Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.152905","article-title":"Updated insights into the mechanism of action and clinical profile of the immunoadjuvant QS-21: a review","volume":"60","author":"Lacaille-Dubois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104702","article-title":"Central memory and effector memory T cell subsets: function, generation, and maintenance","volume":"22","author":"Sallusto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4906(03)00169-8","article-title":"Deciphering the relationship between central and effector memory CD8+ T cells","volume":"24","author":"Tough","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.100101.151926","volume":"20","author":"Sprent","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1108","article-title":"Central memory T cells mediate long-term immunity to Leishmania major in the absence of persistent parasites","volume":"10","author":"Zaph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038059","article-title":"Long-lived skin-resident memory T cells contribute to concomitant immunity in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-022-12033-7","article-title":"Development of an immunogen containing CD4+\/CD8+ T-cell epitopes for the prophylaxis of tegumentary leishmaniasis","volume":"106","author":"de Andrade Ferraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Immunology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165247826001173?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0165247826001173?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T22:38:09Z","timestamp":1791844689000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0165247826001173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0165247826001173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243","relation":{},"ISSN":["0165-2478"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0165-2478","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Tomatine augments T cell-mediated protective immunity induced by first-generation Leishmania antigen against visceral leishmaniasis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Immunology Letters","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imlet.2026.107243","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 European Federation of Immunological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107243"}}