{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:49:00Z","timestamp":1792622940925,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,1]],"date-time":"2014-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1412121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,16]],"date-time":"2015-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":380,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,16]],"date-time":"2014-10-16T11:45:19Z","timestamp":1413459919000},"page":"529-542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1808,"title":["T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation, Function, and Roles in Disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Shane","family":"Crotty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.3.1767","article-title":"IL-21-induced isotype switching to IgG and IgA by human naive B cells is differentially regulated by IL-4","volume":"181","author":"Avery","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2013.62","article-title":"Priming of T follicular helper cells by dendritic cells","volume":"92","author":"Ballesteros-Tato","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.02.012","article-title":"Interleukin-2 inhibits germinal center formation by limiting T follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"36","author":"Ballesteros-Tato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2895","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20100064","article-title":"IL-27 supports germinal center function by enhancing IL-21 production and the function of T follicular helper cells","volume":"207","author":"Batten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101393","article-title":"Cutting Edge: Distinct waves of BCL6 expression during T follicular helper cell development","volume":"187","author":"Baumjohann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2642","article-title":"The microRNA cluster miR-17\u223c92 promotes TFH cell differentiation and represses subset-inappropriate gene expression","volume":"14","author":"Baumjohann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1690","article-title":"The costimulatory molecule ICOS regulates the expression of c-Maf and IL-21 in the development of follicular T helper cells and TH-17 cells","volume":"10","author":"Bauquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176ra32","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005191","article-title":"Induction of ICOS+CXCR3+CXCR5+ TH Cells Correlates with Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination","volume":"5","author":"Bentebibel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.003","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of intratumoral immune cells reveal the immune landscape in human cancer","volume":"39","author":"Bindea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8664","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205834109","article-title":"Transcription factor IRF4 determines germinal center formation through follicular T-helper cell differentiation","volume":"109","author":"Bollig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225416","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies present new prospects to counter highly antigenically diverse viruses","volume":"337","author":"Burton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2180","article-title":"Therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 and LAG-3 rapidly clears established blood-stage Plasmodium infection","volume":"13","author":"Butler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.08.002","article-title":"In\u00a0Vivo RNA Interference Screens Identify Regulators of Antiviral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T Cell Differentiation","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5556","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002828","article-title":"CXCR5 expressing human central memory CD4 T\u00a0cells and their relevance for humoral immune responses","volume":"186","author":"Chevalier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.023","article-title":"ICOS receptor instructs T follicular helper cell versus effector cell differentiation via induction of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6","volume":"34","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203032","article-title":"Cutting edge: STAT1 is required for IL-6-mediated Bcl6 induction for early follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"190","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4014","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202963","article-title":"Bcl6 expressing follicular helper CD4 T\u00a0cells are fate committed early and have the capacity to form memory","volume":"190","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2426","article-title":"Follicular regulatory T\u00a0cells expressing Foxp3 and Bcl-6 suppress germinal center reactions","volume":"17","author":"Chung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.09.016","article-title":"A validated regulatory network for Th17 cell specification","volume":"151","author":"Ciofani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.58","article-title":"Follicular helper T\u00a0cells in immunity and systemic autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Craft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400","article-title":"Follicular helper CD4 T\u00a0cells (TFH)","volume":"29","author":"Crotty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3109","article-title":"Inadequate T follicular cell help impairs B cell immunity during HIV infection","volume":"19","author":"Cubas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.09.017","article-title":"An interleukin-21-interleukin-10-STAT3 pathway is critical for functional maturation of memory CD8+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"35","author":"Cui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300479","article-title":"IL-17RA is essential for optimal localization of follicular Th cells in the germinal center light zone to promote autoantibody-producing B cells","volume":"191","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13036","article-title":"Developmental pathway for potent V1V2-directed HIV-neutralizing antibodies","volume":"509","author":"Doria-Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.07.064","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of CXCR5 and CXCL13 are associated with non-responsiveness to the hepatitis B vaccine","volume":"32","author":"Duan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017739","article-title":"IL-21 and IL-6 are critical for different aspects of B cell immunity and redundantly induce optimal follicular helper CD4 T\u00a0cell (Tfh) differentiation","volume":"6","author":"Eto","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101773","article-title":"Viral persistence redirects CD4 T\u00a0cell differentiation toward T follicular helper cells","volume":"208","author":"Fahey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1704","article-title":"The function of follicular helper T\u00a0cells is regulated by the strength of T\u00a0cell antigen receptor binding","volume":"10","author":"Fazilleau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13300","article-title":"Clonal selection in the germinal centre by regulated proliferation and hypermutation","volume":"509","author":"Gitlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100853","article-title":"Cutting edge: dendritic cell-restricted antigen presentation initiates the follicular helper T\u00a0cell program but cannot complete ultimate effector differentiation","volume":"187","author":"Goenka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1877","article-title":"PD-1 regulates germinal center B cell survival and the formation and affinity of long-lived plasma cells","volume":"11","author":"Good-Jacobson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67428","article-title":"CD4+ follicular helper T\u00a0cell infiltration predicts breast cancer survival","volume":"123","author":"Gu-Trantien","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.02.020","article-title":"Distinct memory CD4+ T\u00a0cells with commitment to T follicular helper- and T helper 1-cell lineages are generated after acute viral infection","volume":"38","author":"Hale","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5648","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003161","article-title":"Blockade of B7-H1 (programmed death ligand 1) enhances humoral immunity by positively regulating the generation of T follicular helper cells","volume":"186","author":"Hams","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10280","article-title":"Oxysterols direct immune cell migration via EBI2","volume":"475","author":"Hannedouche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1208421","article-title":"Late interleukin-6 escalates T follicular helper cell responses and controls a chronic viral infection","volume":"334","author":"Harker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.010","article-title":"Cell-intrinsic IL-27 and gp130 cytokine receptor signaling regulates virus-specific CD4+ T\u00a0cell responses and viral control during chronic infection","volume":"39","author":"Harker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.06.016","article-title":"A hybrid mechanism of action for BCL6 in B cells defined by formation of functionally distinct complexes at enhancers and promoters","volume":"4","author":"Hatzi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.8.5099","article-title":"Role of CXCR5 and CCR7 in follicular Th cell positioning and appearance of a programmed cell death gene-1high germinal center-associated subpopulation","volume":"179","author":"Haynes","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.09.007","article-title":"Circulating precursor CCR7(lo)PD-1(hi) CXCR5+ CD4+ T\u00a0cells indicate Tfh cell activity and promote antibody responses upon antigen reexposure","volume":"39","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3278","article-title":"FOXO transcription factors throughout T\u00a0cell biology","volume":"12","author":"Hedrick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0909639","article-title":"c-Maf activates the promoter and enhancer of the IL-21 gene, and TGF-beta inhibits c-Maf-induced IL-21 production in CD4+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"87","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2552","article-title":"Plasticity of Th17 cells in Peyer\u2019s patches is\u00a0responsible for the induction of T\u00a0cell-dependent IgA responses","volume":"14","author":"Hirota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib46","unstructured":"Holland, S.M., and Casanova, J.-L. (2006). Inherited Disorders of the Interleukin-12\/Interferon-Gamma Circuit. In Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases: a Molecular & Genetic Approach, H.D. Ochs, ed. (Oxford), pp. 450\u2013467."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.05.015","article-title":"Modulation of SAP dependent T:B cell interactions as a strategy to improve vaccination","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxm007","article-title":"Bcl6 is essential for the generation of long-term memory CD4+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"19","author":"Ichii","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2037","article-title":"The transcription factor BATF controls the global regulators of class-switch recombination in both B cells and T\u00a0cells","volume":"12","author":"Ise","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11792","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1404671111","article-title":"Memory B cells contribute to rapid Bcl6 expression by memory follicular helper T\u00a0cells","volume":"111","author":"Ise","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175870","article-title":"Bcl6 and Blimp-1 are reciprocal and antagonistic regulators of T follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"325","author":"Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111174","article-title":"STAT5 is a potent negative regulator of TFH cell differentiation","volume":"209","author":"Johnston","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.05.016","article-title":"The receptor Ly108 functions as a SAP adaptor-dependent on-off switch for T\u00a0cell help to B cells and NKT cell development","volume":"36","author":"Kageyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120127","article-title":"Distinct cellular pathways select germline-encoded and somatically mutated antibodies into immunological memory","volume":"209","author":"Kaji","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2648","article-title":"MicroRNAs of the miR-17\u223c92 family are critical regulators of T(FH) differentiation","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111504","article-title":"B and T\u00a0cells collaborate in antiviral responses via IL-6, IL-21, and transcriptional activator and coactivator, Oct2 and OBF-1","volume":"209","author":"Karnowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.05.016","article-title":"Foxp3(+) T\u00a0cells regulate immunoglobulin a selection and facilitate diversification of bacterial species responsible for immune homeostasis","volume":"41","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213368","article-title":"B cell receptor signal transduction in the GC is short-circuited by high phosphatase activity","volume":"336","author":"Khalil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110658","article-title":"Tolerogenic function of Blimp-1 in dendritic cells","volume":"208","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.025","article-title":"Bcl6 protein expression shapes pre-germinal center B cell dynamics and follicular helper T\u00a0cell heterogeneity","volume":"34","author":"Kitano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1103246","article-title":"Bcl6 and Maf cooperate to instruct human follicular helper CD4 T\u00a0cell differentiation","volume":"188","author":"Kroenke","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.10.010","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b3 excess leads to pathogenic accumulation of follicular helper T\u00a0cells and germinal centers","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2182","article-title":"Divergent expression patterns of IL-4 and IL-13 define unique functions in allergic immunity","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230ra46","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008146","article-title":"Cell distance mapping identifies functional T follicular helper cells in inflamed human renal tissue","volume":"6","author":"Liarski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2425","article-title":"Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T\u00a0cells control the germinal center response","volume":"17","author":"Linterman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1841","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120219","article-title":"Bcl6 expression specifies the T follicular helper cell program in\u00a0vivo","volume":"209","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12910","article-title":"Transcription factor achaete-scute homologue 2 initiates follicular T-helper-cell development","volume":"507","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.08.031","article-title":"Human circulating PD-1+CXCR3-CXCR5+ memory Tfh cells are highly functional and correlate with broadly neutralizing HIV antibody responses","volume":"39","author":"Locci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2261","article-title":"The development and fate of follicular helper T\u00a0cells defined by an IL-21 reporter mouse","volume":"13","author":"L\u00fcthje","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2009.64","article-title":"Early commitment of na\u00efve human CD4(+) T\u00a0cells to the T follicular helper (T(FH)) cell lineage is induced by IL-12","volume":"87","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-11-392985","article-title":"Functional STAT3 deficiency compromises the generation of human T follicular helper cells","volume":"119","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20120994","article-title":"The origins, function, and regulation of T follicular helper cells","volume":"209","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.08.016","article-title":"Differential expression of Ly6C and T-bet distinguish effector and memory Th1 CD4(+) cell properties during viral infection","volume":"35","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2086","article-title":"The opposing roles of the transcription factor E2A and its antagonist Id3 that orchestrate and enforce the naive fate of T\u00a0cells","volume":"12","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.12.012","article-title":"Human blood CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T\u00a0cells are counterparts of T follicular cells and contain specific subsets that differentially support antibody secretion","volume":"34","author":"Morita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.04.016","article-title":"Epigenetic instability of cytokine and transcription factor gene loci underlies plasticity of the T helper 17 cell lineage","volume":"32","author":"Mukasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.11.012","article-title":"Early Th1 cell differentiation is marked by a Tfh cell-like transition","volume":"35","author":"Nakayamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1300675","article-title":"Type I IFN induces binding of STAT1 to Bcl6: divergent roles of STAT family transcription factors in the T follicular helper cell genetic program","volume":"192","author":"Nakayamada","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.009","article-title":"Generation of T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, 2, or 17 cell lineages","volume":"29","author":"Nurieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176676","article-title":"Bcl6 mediates the development of T follicular helper cells","volume":"325","author":"Nurieva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178334","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying lineage commitment and plasticity of helper CD4+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"327","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20042521","article-title":"Antigen persistence is required throughout the expansion phase of a CD4(+) T\u00a0cell response","volume":"201","author":"Obst","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2242","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms that control the expression and activity of Bcl-6 in TH1 cells to regulate flexibility with a TFH-like gene profile","volume":"13","author":"Oestreich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-12-396648","article-title":"Impaired peripheral blood T-follicular helper cell function in HIV-infected nonresponders to the 2009 H1N1\/09 vaccine","volume":"120","author":"Pallikkuth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.09.009","article-title":"Opposing signals from the Bcl6 transcription factor and the interleukin-2 receptor generate T helper 1 central and effector memory cells","volume":"35","author":"Pepper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI63039","article-title":"CD4\u00a0T follicular helper cell dynamics during SIV infection","volume":"122","author":"Petrovas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101006","article-title":"B cells and TCR avidity determine distinct functions of CD4+ T\u00a0cells in retroviral infection","volume":"187","author":"Ploquin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.01.011","article-title":"Roquin-2 shares functions with its paralog Roquin-1 in the repression of mRNAs controlling T follicular helper cells and systemic inflammation","volume":"38","author":"Pratama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07345","article-title":"SAP-controlled T-B cell interactions underlie germinal centre formation","volume":"455","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.044","article-title":"An atlas of combinatorial transcriptional regulation in mouse and man","volume":"140","author":"Ravasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.02.005","article-title":"Transcription factor STAT3 and type I interferons are corepressive insulators for differentiation of follicular helper and T helper 1 cells","volume":"40","author":"Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1715","article-title":"Cytokine-secreting follicular T\u00a0cells shape the antibody repertoire","volume":"10","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1001730","article-title":"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity in T\u00a0cells regulates the magnitude of the germinal center reaction","volume":"185","author":"Rolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2496","article-title":"The receptor PD-1 controls follicular regulatory T\u00a0cells in the lymph nodes and blood","volume":"14","author":"Sage","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.09.011","article-title":"Blood Tfh cells come with colors","volume":"39","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.04.016","article-title":"Human dendritic cells induce the differentiation of interleukin-21-producing T follicular helper-like cells through interleukin-12","volume":"31","author":"Schmitt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3375","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-448902","article-title":"IL-12 receptor \u03b21 deficiency alters in\u00a0vivo T follicular helper cell response in humans","volume":"121","author":"Schmitt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2947","article-title":"The cytokine TGF-\u03b2 co-opts signaling via STAT3-STAT4 to promote the differentiation of human TFH cells","volume":"15","author":"Schmitt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102477","article-title":"A dynamic T\u00a0cell-limited checkpoint regulates affinity-dependent B cell entry into the germinal center","volume":"208","author":"Schwickert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241680","article-title":"T follicular helper cell dynamics in germinal centers","volume":"341","author":"Shulman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25032","article-title":"Expansion of circulating T\u00a0cells resembling follicular helper T\u00a0cells is a fixed phenotype that identifies a subset of severe systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.190.Supp.50.8","article-title":"A role for inactivation of the Foxo1 transcription factor in the differentiation of T follicular helper cells (P1131)","volume":"190","author":"Stone","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20072057","article-title":"Development and characterization of IL-21-producing CD4+ T\u00a0cells","volume":"205","author":"Suto","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.02.024","article-title":"Follicular helper T\u00a0cells may play an important role in the severity of primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"147","author":"Szabo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.04.007","article-title":"Single naive CD4+ T\u00a0cells from a diverse repertoire produce different effector cell types during infection","volume":"153","author":"Tubo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12037","article-title":"Helper T-cell identity and evolution of differential transcriptomes and epigenomes","volume":"252","author":"Vahedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075032","article-title":"Germinal centers","volume":"30","author":"Victora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.10.032","article-title":"Germinal center dynamics revealed by multiphoton microscopy with a photoactivatable fluorescent reporter","volume":"143","author":"Victora","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-415380","article-title":"Identification of human germinal center light and dark zone cells and their relationship to human B-cell lymphomas","volume":"120","author":"Victora","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.12.004","article-title":"Roquin paralogs 1 and 2 redundantly repress the Icos and Ox40 costimulator mRNAs and control follicular helper T\u00a0cell differentiation","volume":"38","author":"Vogel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2890","article-title":"The transcription factor Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of the differentiation of follicular helper T\u00a0cells","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201242540","article-title":"T-follicular helper cells survive as long-term memory cells","volume":"42","author":"Weber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1991","article-title":"Mice carrying a knock-in mutation of Aicda resulting in a defect in somatic hypermutation have impaired gut homeostasis and compromised mucosal defense","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302617","article-title":"B cells in T follicular helper cell development and function: separable roles in delivery of ICOS ligand and antigen","volume":"192","author":"Weinstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101328","article-title":"Regulation of the germinal center reaction by Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T\u00a0cells","volume":"187","author":"Wollenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2912","article-title":"The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is required for the differentiation of follicular helper T\u00a0cells","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12058","article-title":"Follicular T-helper cell recruitment governed by bystander B cells and ICOS-driven motility","volume":"496","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2158","article-title":"The transcriptional regulators Id2 and Id3 control the formation of distinct memory CD8+ T\u00a0cell subsets","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1995","article-title":"Opposing regulation of the locus encoding IL-17 through direct, reciprocal actions of STAT3 and STAT5","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.1.156","article-title":"Proliferating CD4+ T\u00a0cells undergo immediate growth arrest upon cessation of TCR signaling in\u00a0vivo","volume":"180","author":"Yarke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.07.002","article-title":"The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 directs T follicular helper cell lineage commitment","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903505","article-title":"Germinal center T follicular helper cell IL-4 production is dependent on signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (CD150)","volume":"185","author":"Yusuf","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaretsky, A.G., Taylor, J.J., King, I.L., Marshall, F.A., Mohrs, M., and Pearce, E.J. (2009). T follicular helper cells differentiate from Th2 cells in response to helminth antigens. 206, 991\u2013999.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20090303"}],"container-title":["Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1074761314003604?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1074761314003604?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T05:31:05Z","timestamp":1689571865000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1074761314003604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1074761314003604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1074-7613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1074-7613","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation, Function, and Roles in Disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.10.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}