{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T07:10:58Z","timestamp":1791443458703,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,18]],"date-time":"2019-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1555545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":382,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI113923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI113923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI106125"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI106125"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI081923"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI081923"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000048","name":"American Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000048","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u00e2\u0080\u0099Istruzione, dell\u00e2\u0080\u0099Universit\u00c3\u00a0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001218","name":"Lupus Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001218","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T11:38:02Z","timestamp":1523965082000},"page":"730-744.e5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Self-Renewal and Toll-like Receptor Signaling Sustain Exhausted Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells during Chronic Viral Infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6756-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Macal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeara","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Dallari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron Y.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shobha","family":"Swaminathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen J.","family":"Wehrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Fitzgerald-Bocarsly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina I.","family":"Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.160.2.521","article-title":"Selection of genetic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice. Role in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence","volume":"160","author":"Ahmed","year":"1984","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6466","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.12.6466","article-title":"Mouse strain differences in plasmacytoid dendritic cell frequency and function revealed by a novel monoclonal antibody","volume":"171","author":"Asselin-Paturel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.04.022","article-title":"Costimulatory and coinhibitory receptor pathways in infectious disease","volume":"44","author":"Attanasio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4272","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-11-055764","article-title":"Abnormal activation and cytokine spectra in lymph nodes of people chronically infected with HIV-1","volume":"109","author":"Biancotto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.5.3260","article-title":"Bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 is a specific marker of type I IFN-producing cells in the naive mouse, but a promiscuous cell surface antigen following IFN stimulation","volume":"177","author":"Blasius","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002915","article-title":"Slc15a4, a gene required for pDC sensing of TLR ligands, is required to control persistent viral infection","volume":"8","author":"Blasius","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0b013e3283495996","article-title":"Innate immunity in acute HIV-1 infection","volume":"6","author":"Borrow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000413","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000413","article-title":"Rapid influx and death of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in lymph nodes mediate depletion in acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003915","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cell dynamics tune interferon-alfa production in SIV-infected cynomolgus macaques","volume":"10","author":"Bruel","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.09.016","article-title":"Transcription factor E2-2 is an essential and specific regulator of plasmacytoid dendritic cell development","volume":"135","author":"Cisse","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021522","article-title":"Dendritic cell responses to early murine cytomegalovirus infection: subset functional specialization and differential regulation by interferon alpha\/beta","volume":"197","author":"Dalod","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181664b60","article-title":"Plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells with a partial activation phenotype accumulate in lymphoid tissue during asymptomatic chronic HIV-1 infection","volume":"48","author":"Dillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-004-6249-y","article-title":"Decreased frequency and function of circulating plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in hepatitis B virus infected humans","volume":"24","author":"Duan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2001.5111","article-title":"Decreased interferon-alpha production in HIV-infected patients correlates with numerical and functional deficiencies in circulating type 2 dendritic cell precursors","volume":"101","author":"Feldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V98.6.1678","article-title":"Deregulation of the expression of the fractalkine\/fractalkine receptor complex in HIV-1-infected patients","volume":"98","author":"Foussat","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.10.004","article-title":"Type I interferon response and innate immune sensing of cancer","volume":"34","author":"Fuertes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1125676","article-title":"Type 1 interferons and the virus-host relationship: a lesson in d\u00e9tente","volume":"312","author":"Garc\u00eda-Sastre","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.11.023","article-title":"Continuous expression of the transcription factor e2-2 maintains the cell fate of mature plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"33","author":"Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.01.005","article-title":"Viruses evade the immune system through type I interferon-mediated STAT2-dependent, but STAT1-independent, signaling","volume":"22","author":"Hahm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib20","first-page":"6478","article-title":"Identification and functional analysis of tumor-infiltrating plasmacytoid dendritic cells in head and neck cancer","volume":"63","author":"Hartmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1088631","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1088631","article-title":"Trial Watch: Immunostimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists in cancer therapy","volume":"5","author":"Iribarren","year":"2015","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-07-2709","article-title":"Specialization, kinetics, and repertoire of type 1 interferon responses by human plasmacytoid predendritic cells","volume":"107","author":"Ito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3123","article-title":"Control of adaptive immunity by the innate immune system","volume":"16","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1905","article-title":"Viruses and lymphoma\/leukaemia","volume":"208","author":"Jarrett","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1207","article-title":"CD14 is required for MyD88-independent LPS signaling","volume":"6","author":"Jiang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1086\/425425","article-title":"Reduced numbers and impaired ability of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells to polarize T helper cells in chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"190","author":"Kanto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01754208","article-title":"Enhanced tumor susceptibility of immunocompetent mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"32","author":"Kohler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.06.007","article-title":"TLR9-dependent recognition of MCMV by IPC and DC generates coordinated cytokine responses that activate antiviral NK cell function","volume":"21","author":"Krug","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5423","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-0367","article-title":"Quantitative and functional alterations of plasmacytoid dendritic cells contribute to immune tolerance in ovarian cancer","volume":"71","author":"Labidi-Galy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7178","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802526","article-title":"Multiple mechanisms contribute to impairment of type 1 interferon production during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection of mice","volume":"182","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib31","first-page":"3879","article-title":"Cell-intrinsic role for IFN-\u03b1-STAT1 signals in regulating murine Peyer patch plasmacytoid dendritic cells and conditioning an inflammatory response","volume":"118","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu671","article-title":"Bone marrow-imprinted gut-homing of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection results in massive accumulation of hyperfunctional CD4+ pDCs in the mucosae","volume":"211","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1462","article-title":"Origin of dendritic cells in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400937101","article-title":"Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7","volume":"101","author":"Lund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.04.017","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are productively infected and activated through TLR-7 early after arenavirus infection","volume":"11","author":"Macal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1501658","article-title":"CD28 deficiency enhances type I IFN production by murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"196","author":"Macal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9192","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00555-06","article-title":"Inhibition of the type I interferon response by the nucleoprotein of the prototypic arenavirus lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus","volume":"80","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Sobrido","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3787","article-title":"Type I interferons in infectious disease","volume":"15","author":"McNab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000092","article-title":"B-cell exhaustion in HIV infection: the role of immune activation","volume":"9","author":"Moir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120204","article-title":"Transcriptional control of dendritic cell development","volume":"34","author":"Murphy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-170803","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells accumulate in spleens from chronically HIV-infected patients but barely participate in interferon-alpha expression","volume":"113","author":"Nascimbeni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.12.027","article-title":"Alpha and beta type 1 interferon signaling: passage for diverse biologic outcomes","volume":"164","author":"Ng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.182.4.1045","article-title":"Requirement for natural killer cell-produced interferon gamma in defense against murine cytomegalovirus infection and enhancement of this defense pathway by interleukin 12 administration","volume":"182","author":"Orange","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101345","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: recent progress and open questions","volume":"29","author":"Reizis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13554","article-title":"Type I interferon responses in rhesus macaques prevent SIV infection and slow disease progression","volume":"511","author":"Sandler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4733","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-436527","article-title":"Spi-B is critical for plasmacytoid dendritic cell function and development","volume":"120","author":"Sasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-413336","article-title":"Convergent differentiation: myeloid and lymphoid pathways to murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"121","author":"Sathe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6562","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-326678","article-title":"Identification of CCR9- murine plasmacytoid DC precursors with plasticity to differentiate into conventional DCs","volume":"117","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-03-418400","article-title":"Tissue-specific differentiation of a circulating CCR9- pDC-like common dendritic cell precursor","volume":"119","author":"Schlitzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601298","article-title":"Tim-3 is a marker of plasmacytoid dendritic cell dysfunction during HIV infection and is associated with the recruitment of IRF7 and p85 into lysosomes and with the submembrane displacement of TLR9","volume":"198","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI20243","article-title":"Viral targeting of hematopoietic progenitors and inhibition of DC maturation as a dual strategy for immune subversion","volume":"113","author":"Sevilla","year":"2004","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-3468","article-title":"Impaired IFN-\u03b1 production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells favors regulatory T-cell expansion that may contribute to breast cancer progression","volume":"72","author":"Sisirak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2015.03.002","article-title":"New insights into type I interferon and the immunopathogenesis of persistent viral infections","volume":"34","author":"Snell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01844-08","article-title":"Induction of a striking systemic cytokine cascade prior to peak viremia in acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, in contrast to more modest and delayed responses in acute hepatitis B and C virus infections","volume":"83","author":"Stacey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.10.001","article-title":"Chronic bystander infections and immunity to unrelated antigens","volume":"12","author":"Stelekati","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3865","article-title":"The multifaceted biology of plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"15","author":"Swiecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.11.020","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cell ablation impacts early interferon responses and antiviral NK and CD8(+) T\u00a0cell accrual","volume":"33","author":"Swiecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20110654","article-title":"Type I interferon negatively controls plasmacytoid dendritic cell numbers in\u00a0vivo","volume":"208","author":"Swiecki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400525101","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 9 and 3 as essential components of innate immune defense against mouse cytomegalovirus infection","volume":"101","author":"Tabeta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01545-07","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus viremia induces plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation in\u00a0vivo and diminished alpha interferon production in\u00a0vitro","volume":"82","author":"Tilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-02-411496","article-title":"Treatment of SIV-infected sooty mangabeys with a type-I IFN agonist results in decreased virus replication without inducing hyperimmune activation","volume":"119","author":"Vanderford","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26315","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026315","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus impairs TLR9 expression and function in plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"6","author":"Vincent","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.06.036","article-title":"Redefining chronic viral infection","volume":"138","author":"Virgin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.05.003","article-title":"Timing and magnitude of type I interferon responses by distinct sensors impact CD8 T\u00a0cell exhaustion and chronic viral infection","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235208","article-title":"Blockade of chronic type I interferon signaling to control persistent LCMV infection","volume":"340","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25060","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25060","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are short-lived: reappraising the influence of migration, genetic factors and activation on estimation of lifespan","volume":"6","author":"Zhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3845","article-title":"Type I interferons in anticancer immunity","volume":"15","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.08.016","article-title":"Persistent virus infection inhibits type I interferon production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells to facilitate opportunistic infections","volume":"4","author":"Zuniga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-100114-055226","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immune regulation during chronic viral infections","volume":"2","author":"Zuniga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"}],"container-title":["Immunity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1074761318301171?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1074761318301171?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T08:02:55Z","timestamp":1761033775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1074761318301171"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1074761318301171"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["1074-7613"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1074-7613","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Self-Renewal and Toll-like Receptor Signaling Sustain Exhausted Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells during Chronic Viral Infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Immunity","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.03.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}