{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T19:47:41Z","timestamp":1782503261830,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001747","name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integrative Medicine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:05:42Z","timestamp":1778889942000},"page":"101356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Clinical evidence on integrated Chinese-Western medicine for primary dysmenorrhea"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0440-3574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuan","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3239-0270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6772-2460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanfang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-6957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shouyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8245-6025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-0291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8235-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5653-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huayu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9841-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaolong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6206-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoxiang","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2025.11.007","article-title":"Definition and criteria for diagnosing primary dysmenorrhea: a modified delphi procedure","volume":"39","author":"\u00d6zcan","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0002","first-page":"465","article-title":"Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: prevalence, impact and recent knowledge","volume":"13","author":"Vincenzo De Sanctis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Endocrinol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2020.06.007","article-title":"The prevalence and educational impact of pelvic and menstrual pain in Australia: a national online survey of 4202 young women aged 13-25 years","volume":"33","author":"Armour","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329154","article-title":"Effects of dysmenorrhea on work productivity and quality of life in Japanese women: a large-scale web-based cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"Nariai","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-89038-5","article-title":"The prevalence and associated risk factors of primary dysmenorrhea among women in Beijing: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7615","article-title":"The prevalence and academic impact of dysmenorrhea in 21,573 young women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Armour","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S533585","article-title":"Clinical evidence of acupoint stimulation for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and updated meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2025.102840","article-title":"Guideline No. 345: primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"47","author":"Burnett","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"7550","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7550.1134","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea","volume":"332","author":"Proctor","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1580051","article-title":"Traditional Chinese medicine treatment strategies for primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"16","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026185","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and dysmenorrhea score of 6 object-separated moxibustions for the treatment of Chinese patients with dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0012","article-title":"Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea","volume":"2015","author":"Marjoribanks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0013","article-title":"Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea","volume":"7","author":"Schroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5359","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S540073","article-title":"Long term effects of acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3011","article-title":"How effective are non-drug, non-surgical treatments for primary dysmenorrhoea?","volume":"344","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3 Part B","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0016","article-title":"Design and methodology of the AI-empowered Clinical Evidence for Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine (ACE-iMed) platform","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Integr Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0017","series-title":"Clinical practice guidelines: directions for a new program [M]","year":"1990"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0018","series-title":"Clinical practice guidelines we can trust [M]","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0019","series-title":"Glossary","year":"2026"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.12621","article-title":"Evaluating the quality of guidelines using the AGREE II tool by a large language model vs human appraisers","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0021","unstructured":"Li, H. Evaluation of compliance of methodological quality compared with LLM with AMSTAR 2 tool: a cross-sectional survey. In: GIN 2025 Conference, 2025; Geneva, Switzerland."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01457-w","article-title":"Language models for data extraction and risk of bias assessment in complementary medicine","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0023","first-page":"1277","article-title":"International standard of Traditional Chinese medicine techniques: clinical guidelines for dysmenorrhea (2022)","volume":"44","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0025","first-page":"1413","article-title":"Clinical application guidelines for dominant diseases treated with Chinese patent medicines\u201d standardization project team. Clinical application guidelines of Chinese patent medicines for primary dysmenorrhea diseases (2021)","volume":"41","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Integr Tradit West Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0026","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Technique specifications for treating weibing in Chinese medicine: indirect medical moxibustion intervention to improve primary dysmenorrhea","year":"2018","journal-title":"T\/CACM"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12853","article-title":"Efficacy of ginger for alleviating the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"16","author":"Daily","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3438","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113438","article-title":"Fennel for reducing pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0029","first-page":"858","article-title":"Meta-analysis of Shaofu Zhuyu decoction in treatment of primary dysmenorrhea of cold-coagulation blood-stasis","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Eval Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116975","article-title":"The effect of Ding-kun-dan comparing with Marvelon on primary dysmenorrhea: a prospective, double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled trial","volume":"318","author":"Gan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3548-2","article-title":"The effect of mefenamic acid and ginger on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"291","author":"Shirvani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obs"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0032","first-page":"60","article-title":"Dan\u2019e fukang decoction paste combined with western medicine for primary dysmenorrhea: a clinical study of 105 cases","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Shaanxi J Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0033","first-page":"15","article-title":"Clinical study of Shujingtang in treating dysmenorrhea an defect on hemorheology","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Inf Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0034","first-page":"288","article-title":"Clinical observation of he\u2019s santong needling method combined with ibuprofen (fenbid) for primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"32","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Emerg Tradit Chin Med"},{"issue":"01","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0035","first-page":"70","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of sequential-acupuncture therapy on pain and anxiety of patients with primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Chin Med Univ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/735690","article-title":"Efficacy of acupuncture versus combined oral contraceptive pill in treatment of moderate-to-severe dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2015","author":"Sriprasert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0037","first-page":"306","article-title":"Efficacy of press needles to the auricular point in treating primary dysmenorrhea of Air Force women soldiers","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aviat Med Air Force"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0038","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Immediate analgesic effect of warming needle moxibustion for primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"32","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Chin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0039","first-page":"16","article-title":"Clinical observation of abdominal acupuncture treating primary dysmenorrhea","volume":"34","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Acupunct Moxibustion"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0040","first-page":"322","article-title":"Clinical observation of 32 cases of primary dysmenorrhea treated with the Yumu Tongjing method","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin J Tradit Med Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0041","first-page":"542","article-title":"Warming acupuncture combined with electroacupuncture in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea of cold coagulation and blood stasis type","volume":"40","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jilin J Chin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356_bib0042","first-page":"172","article-title":"Clinical observation on 90 cases of primary dysmenorrhea treated by buccal acupuncture therapy: a randomized controlled study","volume":"44","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"}],"container-title":["Integrative Medicine Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213422026000739?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2213422026000739?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T19:20:39Z","timestamp":1782501639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2213422026000739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2213422026000739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2213-4220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2213-4220","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical evidence on integrated Chinese-Western medicine for primary dysmenorrhea","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Integrative Medicine Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imr.2026.101356","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101356"}}