{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:47:34Z","timestamp":1792392454936,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012891","name":"Medical Research Charities Group","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012891","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/J003980\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/J003980\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Infant Behavior and Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T04:36:22Z","timestamp":1792211782000},"page":"102262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Early caregiver mirroring predicts the emergence of action-unit-based facial representations in the infant brain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Bozicevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Massera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holly","family":"Rayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1056","article-title":"Cognitive neuroscience of human social behaviour","volume":"4","author":"Adolphs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2010.00180","article-title":"Visual exploration strategies and the development of infants\u2019 facial emotion discrimination","volume":"1","author":"Amso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib3","series-title":"2016 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV)","first-page":"1","article-title":"OpenFace: An open source facial behavior analysis toolkit","author":"Baltrusaitis","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100619832930","article-title":"Emotional expressions reconsidered: Challenges to inferring emotion from human facial movements","volume":"20","author":"Barrett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Science in the Public Interest"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2009.10.009","article-title":"Maternal sensitivity throughout infancy: Continuity and relation to attachment security","volume":"33","author":"Bigelow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infant Behavior and Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.06.016","article-title":"Mechanisms of facial emotion recognition in autism spectrum disorders: Insights from eye tracking and electroencephalography","volume":"80","author":"Black","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025409339080","article-title":"Developmental continuity and stability of emotional availability in the family: Two ages and two genders in child-mother dyads from two regions in three countries","volume":"34","author":"Bornstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12295","article-title":"Relations between infants\u2019 emerging reach-grasp competence and event-related desynchronization in EEG","volume":"19","author":"Cannon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"7841","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3037-7","article-title":"Sixteen facial expressions occur in similar contexts worldwide","volume":"589","author":"Cowen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib10","first-page":"77","article-title":"Development of face-sensitive event-related potentials during infancy","author":"De Haan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infant EEG and Event-Related Potentials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.12.012","article-title":"Newborns\u2019 face recognition is based on spatial frequencies below 0.5 cycles per degree","volume":"106","author":"de Heering","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12771","article-title":"The role of sensorimotor experience in the development of mimicry in infancy","volume":"22","author":"de Klerk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13580","article-title":"\"The Maryland analysis of developmental EEG (MADE) pipeline","volume":"57","author":"Debnath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib15","article-title":"Facial action coding system","author":"Ekman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Environmental Psychology & Nonverbal Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21420","article-title":"Perceptual learning and face processing in infancy","volume":"58","author":"Galati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12543","article-title":"The cortical development of specialized face processing in infancy","volume":"87","author":"Guy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00076-4","article-title":"Cortical specialisation for face processing: face-sensitive event-related potential components in 3-and 12-month-old infants","volume":"19","author":"Halit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"5539","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2425","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1063736","article-title":"Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex","volume":"293","author":"Haxby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000686","article-title":"Emotion words, emotion concepts, and emotional development in children: A constructionist hypothesis","volume":"55","author":"Hoemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib21","first-page":"369","article-title":"Hebbian learning and predictive mirror neurons for actions, sensations and emotions","volume":"1644","author":"Keysers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2022.101068","article-title":"NEAR: An artifact removal pipeline for human newborn EEG data","volume":"54","author":"Kumaravel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13566","article-title":"Adjusting ADJUST: Optimizing the ADJUST algorithm for pediatric data using geodesic nets","volume":"57","author":"Leach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1080\/15250000902839393","article-title":"Categorical representation of facial expressions in the infant brain","volume":"14","author":"Lepp\u00e4nen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infancy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2010.09.001","article-title":"Neural mirroring systems: Exploring the EEG mu rhythm in human infancy","volume":"1","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2010.00991.x","article-title":"Neural correlates of action observation and execution in 14-month-old infants","volume":"14","author":"Marshall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2010.01061.x","article-title":"ADJUST: An automatic EEG artifact detector based on the joint use of spatial and temporal features","volume":"48","author":"Mognon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.6.826","article-title":"Peekaboo: A new look at infants\u2019 perception of emotion expressions","volume":"37","author":"Montague","year":"2001","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib29","article-title":"The effects of maternal mirroring on the development of infant social expressiveness: The case of infant cleft lip","volume":"2018","author":"Murray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39019","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39019","article-title":"The functional architecture of mother-infant communication, and the development of infant social expressiveness in the first two months","volume":"6","author":"Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.116531","article-title":"Spatio-temporal dynamics of face perception","volume":"209","author":"Muukkonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119631","article-title":"Representational structure of fMRI\/EEG responses to dynamic facial expressions","volume":"263","author":"Muukkonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.10.004","article-title":"Predicting others\u2019 intention involves motor resonance: EMG evidence from 6- and 9-month-old infants","volume":"7","author":"Natale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.11.010.2008","article-title":"Generating Stimuli for Neuroscience Using PsychoPy","volume":"2","author":"Peirce","year":"2008","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21860","article-title":"Emotion in motion: Facial dynamics affect infants\u2019 neural processing of emotions","volume":"61","author":"Quadrelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102753","article-title":"Face processing in infancy and beyond: The case of social categories","volume":"70","author":"Quinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.05.003","article-title":"Mu desynchronization during observation and execution of facial expressions in 30-month-old children","volume":"19","author":"Rayson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11738","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12097-w","article-title":"Early maternal mirroring predicts infant motor system activation during facial expression observation","volume":"7","author":"Rayson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"49","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8487","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0886-23.2023","article-title":"Bursting with potential: How sensorimotor beta bursts develop from infancy to adulthood","volume":"43","author":"Rayson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00969","article-title":"Face perception and processing in early infancy: inborn predispositions and developmental changes","volume":"6","author":"Simion","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0474","article-title":"Predictive motor activation during action observation in human infants","volume":"5","author":"Southgate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1704-15.2016","article-title":"A neural basis of facial action recognition in humans","volume":"36","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023853","article-title":"Moving faces, looking places: validation of the Amsterdam Dynamic Facial Expression Set (ADFES)","volume":"11","author":"van der Schalk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emotion"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2005.00452.x","article-title":"A longitudinal investigation of visual event-related potentials in the first year of life","volume":"8","author":"Webb","year":"2005","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-022-00041-3","article-title":"Individual differences and the multidimensional nature of face perception","volume":"1","author":"White","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Psychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2023.105671","article-title":"The discrimination of expressions in facial movements by infants: A study with point-light displays","volume":"232","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Child Psychology"}],"container-title":["Infant Behavior and Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163638326000858?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0163638326000858?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T06:32:42Z","timestamp":1792391562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0163638326000858"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S0163638326000858"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-6383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-6383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early caregiver mirroring predicts the emergence of action-unit-based facial representations in the infant brain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Infant Behavior and Development","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.infbeh.2026.102262","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102262"}}