{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:46:12Z","timestamp":1792291572070,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Injury"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,4,2]],"date-time":"2012-04-02T11:45:57Z","timestamp":1333367157000},"page":"1141-1147","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Delayed recovery in patients with whiplash-associated disorders"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"Dufton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio G.","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek A.","family":"Kopec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. David","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Quon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8 Suppl.","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0005","first-page":"1S","article-title":"Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining \u201cwhiplash\u201d and its management","volume":"20","author":"Spitzer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199612010-00006","article-title":"The nosologic status of the whiplash syndrome: a critical review based on a methodological approach","volume":"21","author":"Stovner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199509000-00005","article-title":"Long-term outcome after whiplash injury. A 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychosocial findings","volume":"74","author":"Radanov","year":"1995","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"9010","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)90733-3","article-title":"Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context","volume":"347","author":"Schrader","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2007.12.016","article-title":"No cash no whiplash? Influence of the legal system on the incidence of whiplash injury","volume":"15","author":"Represas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004203421606","article-title":"Effect of eliminating compensation for pain and suffering on the outcome of insurance claims for whiplash injury","volume":"342","author":"Cassidy","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E445","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200110010-00020","article-title":"A systematic review of the prognosis of acute whiplash and a new conceptual framework to synthesize the literature","volume":"26","author":"Cote","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4S","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0638-5","article-title":"Research priorities and methodological implications. The Bone and Joint Decade 2000\u20132010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders","volume":"33","author":"Caroll","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00011-0","article-title":"The effect of socio-demographic and crash-related factors on the prognosis of whiplash","volume":"51","author":"Harder","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.58.1.1","article-title":"Epidemiology of whiplash: an international dilemma","volume":"58","author":"Ferrari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200001150-00003","article-title":"Prognostic factors for time receiving workers\u2019 compensation benefits in a cohort of patients with low-back pain","volume":"25","author":"McIntosh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E759","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000240205.93122.02","article-title":"Prognostic factors associated with minimal improvement following acute whiplash-associated disorders","volume":"31","author":"Dufton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0065","series-title":"(Abstract) International society for the study of the lumbar spine: 30th annual meeting","article-title":"Minimum clinically important difference in low-back outcome score in individuals with low-back pain","author":"Khatri","year":"2003"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200111000-00010","article-title":"Handling missing data in nursing research with multiple imputation","volume":"50","author":"Kneipp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198003000-00005","article-title":"Nonorganic physical signs in low-back pain","volume":"5","author":"Waddell","year":"1980","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200304000-00013","article-title":"The incidence of whiplash trauma and the effects of different factors on recovery","volume":"16","author":"Sterner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.03.002","article-title":"Does past pain influence current pain: biological and psychosocial models of sex differences","volume":"8","author":"Rollman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00050-2","article-title":"Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies","volume":"104","author":"Scholten-Peeters","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.03.028","article-title":"Spine biomechanics","volume":"38","author":"Adams","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.019","article-title":"Course and prognostic factors of whiplash: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Kamper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(00)00319-X","article-title":"The association between neck pain intensity, physical functioning, depressive symptomatology and time-to-claim-closure after whiplash","volume":"54","author":"Cote","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s005860000220","article-title":"The relation between initial symptoms and signs and the prognosis of whiplash","volume":"10","author":"Suissa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00148-4","article-title":"Course of psychological variables in whiplash injury \u2013 a 2-year follow-up with age, gender and education pair-matched patients","volume":"64","author":"Radanov","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-4575(01)00051-3","article-title":"Derivation of a clinical decision rule for whiplash associated disorders among individuals involved in rear-end collisions","volume":"34","author":"Hartling","year":"2002","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.4.688","article-title":"Presenting symptoms and signs after whiplash injury: the influence of accident mechanisms","volume":"44","author":"Sturzenegger","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1637","article-title":"Handicap after acute whiplash injury. A 1-year prospective study of risk factors","volume":"56","author":"Kasch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199610150-00021","article-title":"If you have to prove you are ill, you can\u2019t get well: the object lesson of fibromyalgia","volume":"21","author":"Hadler","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0140","first-page":"265","article-title":"Chronic backache, distress, illness behaviour and surgery","volume":"53","author":"Waddell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4637.2003.03015.x","article-title":"A structured evidence-based review on the meaning of nonorganic physical signs: Waddell signs","volume":"4","author":"Fishbain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2007.01.010","article-title":"The use of fear-avoidance beliefs and nonorganic signs in predicting prolonged disability in patients with neck pain","volume":"13","author":"Landers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Man Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(99)00291-0","article-title":"Prognosis following a second whiplash injury","volume":"31","author":"Khan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(96)00186-6","article-title":"Risk factors for \u2018whiplash\u2019 in drivers: a cohort study of rear-end traffic crashes","volume":"28","author":"Dolinis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-004-0711-7","article-title":"Potential risk factors for prolonged recovery following whiplash injury","volume":"14","author":"Osti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199303000-00002","article-title":"The prediction of return to the workplace after multidisciplinary pain center treatment","volume":"9","author":"Fishbain","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0175","first-page":"293","article-title":"Prediction of long-term outcome of multidisciplinary pain treatment","volume":"67","author":"Guck","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(98)00040-2","article-title":"Assessment of chronic back pain patient characteristics using factor analysis of the MMPI-2: which dimensions are actually assessed?","volume":"76","author":"Vendrig","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pain"}],"container-title":["Injury"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020138312000952?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0020138312000952?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,24]],"date-time":"2018-11-24T17:55:05Z","timestamp":1543082105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0020138312000952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0020138312000952"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2012.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]}}}