{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T06:20:26Z","timestamp":1790662826750,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1477958400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","injuryjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Injury"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,9]],"date-time":"2016-09-09T16:25:08Z","timestamp":1473438308000},"page":"2424-2441","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Head injury assessment of non-lethal projectile impacts: A combined experimental\/computational method"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-7350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debasis","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Robbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Deck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3778-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Papy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Remy","family":"Willinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800620613","article-title":"Injuries caused by rubber bullets: a report on 90 patients","volume":"62","author":"Millar","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0010","first-page":"849","article-title":"Plastic bullet injuries of the face and jaws","volume":"68","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0015","unstructured":"P. Amstrong, CBC Montreal. CBC News Web site. Available at: Montreal.cbc.ca\/cgibin\/templates\/view.cgi?\/news\/2001\/04\/26\/singh0104. (accessed 13.06.2001)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08708-1","article-title":"Blunt and penetrating injuries caused by rubber bullets during the Israeli-Arab conflict in October, 2000: a retrospective study","volume":"359","author":"Mahajna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2003.11.020","article-title":"Ocular injuries caused by plastic bullet shotguns in Switzerland","volume":"35","author":"Sutter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0030","first-page":"9","article-title":"Kinetic non-lethal weapons","author":"Koene","year":"2008","journal-title":"Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies: Sensors Weapons C4I and Operations Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0035","unstructured":"Non-lethal weapons emerging requirements for security strategy. Washington, DC, Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1996."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0040","unstructured":"The National Institute of Justice. Impact munitions. Data base of use and effects. Washington, DC, 2004."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(05)80013-0","article-title":"Plastic bullets: significant risk of serious injury above the diaphragm","volume":"23","author":"Ritchie","year":"1992","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(03)00179-3","article-title":"Injury patterns related to use of less-lethal weapons during a period of civil unrest","volume":"25","author":"Suyama","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2004551","article-title":"Skin penetration assessment of less lethal kinetic energy munitions","volume":"50","author":"Bir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.05.026","article-title":"Orbital and ocular trauma caused by the Flash-Ball\u00ae: a case report","volume":"44","author":"Pinaud","year":"2009","journal-title":"Injury Extra"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0065","article-title":"Severe craniocerebral trauma with sequelae caused by Flash-Ball_ shot, a less-lethal weapon: report of one case and review of the literature","author":"Hiquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0070","unstructured":"Flash-Ball\u00ae (Verney-Carron, St-Etienne, France) http:\/\/www.flash-ball.com\/.2016."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1177\/002580249703700209","article-title":"Rubber and plastic ammunition lethal injuries: the Israeli experience","volume":"37","author":"Hiss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2009.05.018","article-title":"Severe facial rubber bullet injuries: less lethal but extremely harmful weapons","volume":"41","author":"Khonsari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0085","unstructured":"M. Dannawi, R. Robert, P. Costiou, J.F. Jacquet, French work about medical and physical understanding of non-lethal projectiles head impacts, consciousness, coma and irreversible injury lesional thresholds research and the study of simple assessment method of non-lethal projectile, internal report, 2010, DGA, France, (jeanfrancois.jacquet@dga.defense.gouv.fr)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0090","series-title":"Proceedings of 27th international Symposium on Ballistics","article-title":"Comparison of the lethality of different kinetic energy non-lethal projectiles using a new french assessment approach for head impacts","author":"Oukara","year":"2013"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.07.018","article-title":"Tolerance of the skull to blunt ballistic temporo-parietal impact","volume":"42","author":"Raymond","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120701408010075","article-title":"Injury risk assessment of non-lethal head impact","volume":"8","author":"Oukara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Open Biomed Eng J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.11.014","article-title":"Development of skull fracture criterion based on real-world head trauma simulations using finite element head model","volume":"57","author":"Sahoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.03.013","article-title":"Brain injury tolerance limit based on computation of axonal strain","volume":"92","author":"Sahoo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"91","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20130914","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0914","article-title":"Connecting fractional anisotropy from medical images with mechanical anisotropy of a hyperviscoelastic fibre-reinforced constitutive model for brain tissue","volume":"11","author":"Giordano","year":"2014","journal-title":"J R Soc Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.08.022","article-title":"Development and validation of an advanced anisotropic visco-hyperelastic human brain FE model","volume":"33","author":"Sahoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.08.010","article-title":"Anisotropic composite human skull model and skull fracture validation against temporo-parietal skull fracture","volume":"28","author":"Sahoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-015-1295-6","article-title":"Influence of head mass on temporo-parietal skull impact using finite element modelling","volume":"53","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Biol Eng Comput"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.04.004","article-title":"Influence of stiffness and shape of contact surface on skull fractures and biomechanical metrics of the human head of different population under lateral impacts","volume":"80","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0140","series-title":"Proceedings of 26th International Symposium on Ballistics","article-title":"Impact measurements of different 40 mm non-lethal sponge grenades","author":"Robbe","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0145","series-title":"Proceedings of RTO specialist meeting","article-title":"Finite element modelling of human head injuries caused by ballistic projectiles","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2003"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1080\/13588260802411523","article-title":"Improved head injury criteria based on head FE model","volume":"13","author":"Deck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Crashworthiness"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0155","series-title":"Proc. of the 7th European LS-DYNA Conference","article-title":"Head injury prediction tool for predictive systems optimization","author":"Deck","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12573-012-0055-6","article-title":"An anisotropic viscous hyperelastic constitutive law for brain material finite element modeling","volume":"27","author":"Chatelin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biorheology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0165","series-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference","article-title":"Intracranial pressure dynamics during head impact","author":"Nahum","year":"1977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0170","series-title":"Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference","article-title":"Development of a F.E.M. of the human head according to a specific test protocol","author":"Trosseille","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0175","first-page":"337","article-title":"Investigation of head injury mechanisms using neutral density technology and high-speed biplanar X-ray","volume":"45","author":"Hardy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0180","first-page":"17","article-title":"A study of the response of the human cadaver head to impact","volume":"51","author":"Hardy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0185","series-title":"Proceeding of PASS","first-page":"457","article-title":"Practical considerations for using high-speed camera to measure dynamic deformation occurring at the impact of a kinetic energy non-lethal weapon projectile on ballistic simulant","author":"Robbe","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1051\/ijmqe\/2014007","article-title":"Quantification of the uncertainties of high-speed camera measurements","volume":"5","author":"Robbe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Metrology Qual Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0195","series-title":"Proceedings of 6th International Metrology Conference (CAFMET)","article-title":"The influence of experimental environment on the piezoelectric force measurement","author":"Oukara","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0200","series-title":"Proceedings of Ballist. 27th Int. Symp.","article-title":"An hybrid experimental\/numerical method to assess the lethality of a kinetic energy non-lethal weapon system","author":"Robbe","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0205","article-title":"Assessment methods for the non-lethal projectile head impact injury prediction","author":"Oukara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of 8th Eur. Symp. Non-Lethal Weapons 2015 proceedings"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4271\/912907","article-title":"Force\/deflection and fracture characteristics of the temporoparietal region of the human head","author":"Allsop","year":"1991","journal-title":"Society of Automotive Engineering, SAE paper No. 912907"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4003312","article-title":"The tolerance of the frontal bone to blunt impact","volume":"133","author":"Cormier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2003.12.014","article-title":"Biomechanics of temporo-parietal fracture","volume":"19","author":"Yoganandan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0225","series-title":"Proceedings of the 17th Int. Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles","article-title":"Pressure and shear response in brain injury models","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1324667","article-title":"Tissue-level thresholds for axonal damage in an experimental model of central nervous system white matter injury","volume":"16","author":"Bain","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120611","article-title":"Diffuse axonal injury and traumatic coma in the primate","volume":"12","author":"Gennarelli","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004_bib0240","first-page":"794","article-title":"Diffusion tensor MR imaging in diffuse axonal injury","volume":"23","author":"Arfanakis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"}],"container-title":["Injury"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002013831630434X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002013831630434X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,8]],"date-time":"2018-09-08T11:58:41Z","timestamp":1536407921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002013831630434X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S002013831630434X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Head injury assessment of non-lethal projectile impacts: A combined experimental\/computational method","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Injury","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2016.09.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}