{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:09:01Z","timestamp":1780445341809,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,1]],"date-time":"2019-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548979200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","injuryjournal.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Injury"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T12:07:41Z","timestamp":1544011661000},"page":"235-243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Implant-related sepsis in lower limb fractures following gunshot injuries in the civilian population: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Simon Matthew","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maheshi P.","family":"Wijesekera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maritz","family":"Laubscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sithombo","family":"Maqungo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0567-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nando","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William J.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0005","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/bulletins\/crimeinenglandandwales\/yearendingmar2017."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0010","unstructured":"Gun violence archive, 2017. Available from: http:\/\/www.gunviolencearchive.org\/past-tolls."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0015","series-title":"Report of the panel of governmental experts on small arms. General and complete disarmament: small arms","author":"United Nations general assembly","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0020","unstructured":"United Nations office on drug and crime. Global study on homicide. Homicide statistics 2013; homicide counts and rates time series 2000\u20132012. UNODC Homicide Stat. Available from: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/gsh\/en\/data.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0025","series-title":"Global burden of armed violence","author":"Geneva Decleration Secretariat","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01063-6","article-title":"The medical response to multisite terrorist attacks in Paris","volume":"386","author":"Hirsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0035","article-title":"War Surgery: working with limited resources in armed conflict and other situations of violence","author":"Giannou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Committee Red Cross"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.17159\/2309-8309\/2017\/v16n3a6","article-title":"Intramedullary nailing of subtrochanteric femur fractures caused by low velocity gunshots","volume":"16","author":"Swanepoel","year":"2017","journal-title":"SA Orthop J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0045","article-title":"Standards for the management of open fractures of the lower limb","author":"Nanchahal","year":"2009","journal-title":"R Soc Med Press"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2006.7.379","article-title":"Surgical Infection Society guideline: prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures: an evidence-based guideline","volume":"7","author":"Hauser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0055","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta analyses: the Prisma Statement","volume":"6","author":"The Prisma Group from Moher D","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2013.08.005","article-title":"Management of civilian ballistic fractures","volume":"99","author":"Seng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3974","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-3058-8","article-title":"Retrograde versus antegrade intramedullary nailing of gunshot diaphyseal femur fractures trauma","volume":"471","author":"Dougherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20090301-05","article-title":"Retrograde intramedullary nailing of femoral diaphyseal fractures caused by low-velocity gunshots","volume":"32","author":"Cannada","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199404000-00010","article-title":"Immediate interlocking nailing of fractures of the femur caused by low- to mid-velocity gunshots","volume":"8","author":"Nowotarski","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199406000-00007","article-title":"Anterograde interlocked nailing of distal femoral fractures after gunshot wounds","volume":"8","author":"Tornetta","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0085","first-page":"805","article-title":"Treating gunshot femoral shaft fractures with immediate reamed intramedullary nailing","volume":"22","author":"Levy","year":"1993","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199311000-00004","article-title":"Immediate internal-fixation of low-velocity gunshot-related femoral fractures","volume":"35","author":"Wright","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Trauma-Injury Infect Crit Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199173040-00018","article-title":"Interlocking nailing for the treatment of femoral fractures fue to gunshot wounds","volume":"73","author":"Wiss","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/00005131-199003000-00011","article-title":"Femoral fractures secondary to low velocity missiles: treatment with delayed intramedullary fixation","volume":"4","author":"Hollmann","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/0753-3322(89)90085-1","article-title":"Postoperative wound scoring","volume":"43","author":"Byrne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0110","unstructured":"National Healthcare Safety Network Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surgical Site Infection (SSI) event."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0115","first-page":"16","article-title":"Evaluation of results of interlocking nails in femur fractures due to high velocity gunshot injuries","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31980-5","article-title":"Management of gunshot fractures of the tibia","volume":"26","author":"Ferraro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(20)31978-7","article-title":"Gunshot wounds to the knee","volume":"26","author":"Perry","year":"1995","journal-title":"Orthop Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(95)00012-X","article-title":"Immediate intramedullary nailing of femoral shaft fractures due to gunshots","volume":"26","author":"Nicholas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199306000-00005","article-title":"Femur fractures caused by gunshots: treatment by immediate reamed intramedullary nailing","volume":"34","author":"Bergman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2884-z","article-title":"Antibiotics in the treatment of low-velocity gunshot-induced fractures: a systematic literature review","volume":"471","author":"Papasoulis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-016-2450-8","article-title":"Surgeon preferences regarding antibiotic prophylaxis for ballistic fractures","volume":"136","author":"Marecek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.86B4.14097","article-title":"Factors affecting rates of infection and nonunion in intramedullary nailing","volume":"86","author":"Malik","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3109\/17453674.2013.850014","article-title":"Complications after intramedullary nailing of femoral fractures in a low-income country","volume":"84","author":"Young","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008_bib0160","first-page":"37","article-title":"Pelvifemoral external fixation for the treatment of open fractures of the proximal femur caused by firearms","volume":"68","author":"Miric","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Belg"}],"container-title":["Injury"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002013831830737X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S002013831830737X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T06:24:44Z","timestamp":1758090284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S002013831830737X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S002013831830737X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008","relation":{},"ISSN":["0020-1383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0020-1383","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Implant-related sepsis in lower limb fractures following gunshot injuries in the civilian population: A systematic review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Injury","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2018.12.008","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}