{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:02:41Z","timestamp":1776643361609,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interventional Pain Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T14:30:21Z","timestamp":1748615421000},"page":"100598","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effectiveness of epidural amniotic fluid injection for low back pain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2316-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn R.","family":"Buttermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Thorson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis C.","family":"Saeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1502-y","article-title":"An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care","volume":"19","author":"Koes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2016.8.3.262","article-title":"The effectiveness of oral corticosteroids for management of lumbar radiating pain: randomized, controlled trial study","volume":"8","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5673-2","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview","volume":"27","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib4","first-page":"71","article-title":"A review of the analgesic benefits and potential complications related to epidural corticosteroid injections","volume":"87","author":"Gegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"AANA J (Am Assoc Nurse Anesth)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2018.5.449","article-title":"Comparison of clinical efficacy of epidural injection with or without steroid in lumbosacral disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz160","article-title":"The effectiveness of lumbar transforaminal injection of steroid for the treatment of radicular pain: a comprehensive review of the published data","volume":"21","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.03.024","article-title":"The effect of spinal steroid injections for degenerative disc disease","volume":"4","author":"Buttermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.10.011","article-title":"Epidural injections in prevention of surgery for spinal pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"15","author":"Bicket","year":"2015","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.05.034","article-title":"Lumbar epidural steroid injections for herniation and stenosis: incidence and risk factors of subsequent surgery","volume":"19","author":"Koltsov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"An emphasis on molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects and glucocorticoid resistance","volume":"12","author":"Ingawale","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Compl Integr Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050541","article-title":"Antiinflammatory action of glucocorticoids--new mechanisms for old drugs","volume":"353","author":"Rhen","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9580-0","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis","volume":"41","author":"Weinstein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib13","first-page":"409","article-title":"Systemic absorption and side effects of locally injected glucocorticoids","volume":"11","author":"Stout","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm Manag PM R"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1980.01020040625007","article-title":"Effect of corticosteroids on cataract formation","volume":"98","author":"Skalka","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.07.439","article-title":"Preoperative epidural injections are associated with increased risk of infection after single-level lumbar decompression","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4476","article-title":"Intra-articular injection of micronized dehydrated human amnion\/chorion membrane attenuates osteoarthritis development","volume":"16","author":"Willett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1696672","article-title":"A randomized controlled single-blind study demonstrating superiority of amniotic suspension allograft injection over hyaluronic acid and saline control for modification of knee osteoarthritis symptoms","volume":"32","author":"Farr","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E329","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000002851","article-title":"Evaluation of percutaneous intradiscal amniotic suspension allograft in a rabbit model of intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"44","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2005.03.026","article-title":"Effect of human amniotic fluid on bone healing","volume":"129","author":"Kara\u00e7al","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2008.02.028","article-title":"Effects of human amniotic fluid on fracture healing in rat tibia","volume":"152","author":"Kerimo\u011flu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib21","first-page":"332","article-title":"Effects of human amniotic fluid on peritendinous adhesion formation and tendon healing after flexor tendon surgery in rabbits","volume":"26","author":"\u00d6zgenel","year":"2001"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12458","article-title":"Amniotic membrane is a potential regenerative option for chronic non-healing wounds: a report of five cases receiving dehydrated human amnion\/chorion membrane allograft","volume":"13","author":"Mrugala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823f0a64","article-title":"Effects of topical human amniotic fluid and human serum in a mouse model of keratoconjunctivitis sicca","volume":"31","author":"Quinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2015.24.3.104","article-title":"Dehydrated human amnion\/chorion tissue in difficult-to-heal DFUs: a case series","volume":"24","author":"Penny","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2014.09.002","article-title":"Li WW the use of human amnion\/chorion membrane in the clinical setting for lower extremity repair: a review","volume":"32","author":"Zelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Podiatr Med Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12395","volume":"12","author":"Zelen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211290","article-title":"Amniotic fluid: not just fetal urine anymore","volume":"25","author":"Underwood","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(95)91358-0","article-title":"Amniotic fluid interleukin-10 concentrations increase through pregnancy and are elevated in patients with preterm labor associated with intrauterine infection","volume":"173","author":"Greig","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.25872","article-title":"Effect of amniotic suspension allograft in a rat destabilization of medial meniscus osteoarthritis model","volume":"42","author":"Harmon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24559","article-title":"Amniotic suspension allograft modulates inflammation in a rat pain model of osteoarthritis","volume":"38","author":"Kimmerling","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib31","first-page":"235","article-title":"Comparison of amniotic fluid cytokine levels in postterm and term pregnancy: a prospective study","volume":"63","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2001.044","article-title":"A role for the 72 kDa gelatinase (MMP-2) and its inhibitor (TIMP-2) in human parturition, premature rupture of membranes and intraamniotic infection","volume":"29","author":"Maymon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib33","first-page":"E38","article-title":"Proteomic comparison of amnion and chorion and evaluation of the effects of processing on placental membranes","volume":"29","author":"McQuilling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060543t","article-title":"Comprehensive proteomic analysis of the human amniotic fluid proteome: gestational age-dependent changes","volume":"6","author":"Michaels","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00318","article-title":"Cytokine levels in late pregnancy: are female infants better protected against inflammation?","volume":"6","author":"Burns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10561-016-9572-7","article-title":"Collection and characterization of amniotic fluid from scheduled C-section deliveries","volume":"17","author":"Pierce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Bank"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3648719","article-title":"Vaginal lactoferrin modulates PGE2, MMP-9, MMP-2, and TIMP-1 amniotic fluid concentrations","volume":"2016","author":"Trentini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00016-4","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in amniotic fluid and cord blood in patients with pre-term, premature rupture of the membranes","volume":"77","author":"Fukuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050410001702186","article-title":"Second-trimester amniotic fluid interleukin-10 concentration predicts preterm delivery","volume":"15","author":"Apuzzio","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(94)70058-3","article-title":"The natural interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in the fetal, maternal, and amniotic fluid compartments: the effect of gestational age, fetal gender, and intrauterine infection","volume":"171","author":"Romero","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.10.018","article-title":"Evaluation of transforaminal epidural steroid injections for discogenic axial lumbosacral back pain utilizing PROMIS as an outcome measure","volume":"21","author":"Michalik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-19-00306","volume":"28","author":"Vaishnav","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31815e3a10","article-title":"Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change","volume":"33","author":"Ostelo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib44","article-title":"Systematic review of the effectiveness of caudal epidural steroid injections in the treatment of chronic low back or radicular pain","volume":"1","author":"Nagpal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interv Pain Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-009-1013-x","article-title":"Implantation of amniotic membrane to reduce postlaminectomy epidural adhesions","volume":"18","author":"Tao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/501202","article-title":"The use of a dehydrated amnion\/chorion membrane allograft in patients who subsequently undergo reexploration after posterior lumbar instrumentation","volume":"2015","author":"Subach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Orthop"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000000544","article-title":"Cryopreserved amniotic membrane improves clinical outcomes following microdiscectomy","volume":"30","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Spine Surg."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199310000-00009","article-title":"Neural proteinases in human intervertebral disc: role in degeneration and probable origin","volume":"18","author":"Fujita","year":"1993","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199807150-00021","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases: the clue to intervertebral disc degeneration?","volume":"23","author":"Goupille","year":"1998","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199601010-00001","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in human intervertebral discs","volume":"21","author":"Kanemoto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199602010-00003","article-title":"Herniated lumbar intervertebral discs spontaneously produce matrix metalloproteinases, nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2","volume":"21","author":"Kang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100090413","article-title":"Identification of human intervertebral disc stromelysin and its involvement in matrix degradation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib53","first-page":"369","article-title":"The effects of IL-1 and IL-6 on the production of MMP-3 and TIMP-1 in human degenerative spinal disc","volume":"29","author":"Nemoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rinsho Seikeigeka"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199007000-00011","article-title":"High levels of inflammatory phospholipase A2 activity in lumbar disc herniations","volume":"15","author":"Saal","year":"1990","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199601150-00011","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines in the herniated disc of the lumbar spine","volume":"21","author":"Takahashi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(94)90045-0","article-title":"Pharmacology of peripheral neuropeptide and inflammatory mediator release","volume":"10","author":"Hargreaves","year":"1994","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49S","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(02)00276-0","article-title":"PH and anti-inflammatory agents modulate nucleus pulposus cytokine secretion","volume":"2","author":"Moroney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"24 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2S","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199612151-00002","article-title":"Natural history and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"21","author":"Saal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Spine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03839-w","article-title":"Modic changes as seen on MRI are associated with nonspecific chronic lower back pain and disability","volume":"18","author":"Czaplewski","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0925","article-title":"The modic vertebral endplate and marrow changes: pathologic significance and relation to low back pain and segmental instability of the lumbar spine","volume":"29","author":"Rahme","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06854-9","article-title":"Epidural steroid compared to placebo injection in sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Verheijen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib62","article-title":"Epidural corticosteroid injections for lumbosacral radicular pain","volume":"4","author":"Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib63","article-title":"Efficacy of epidural steroid injection in the treatment of sciatica secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200404000-00002","article-title":"Treatment of lumbar disc herniation: epidural steroid injection compared with discectomy, A prospective randomized study","volume":"86A","author":"Buttermann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1313265","article-title":"A randomized trial of epidural glucocorticoid injections for spinal stenosis","volume":"371","author":"Friedly","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib66","first-page":"145","article-title":"Comparison of clinical efficacy of epidural injection with or without steroids in the treatment of degenerative disc disease: meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E199","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/E199","article-title":"Effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections in managing lumbar spinal pain","volume":"15","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2025.10390","article-title":"Is platelet-rich plasma better than steroids as epidural drug of choice in lumbar disc disease with radiculopathy? Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"250","author":"Muthu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"}],"container-title":["Interventional Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772594425000597?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772594425000597?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T15:54:26Z","timestamp":1749743666000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772594425000597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2772594425000597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-5944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-5944","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effectiveness of epidural amniotic fluid injection for low back pain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Interventional Pain Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inpm.2025.100598","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Pain & Spine Intervention Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100598"}}