{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T12:47:21Z","timestamp":1782132441665,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interventional Pain Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T19:39:15Z","timestamp":1774985955000},"page":"100755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fluoroscopic radiation exposure during spinal cord stimulation procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6172-6372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsie L.","family":"Jacques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3877-7723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6727-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramzi","family":"El-Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adem F.","family":"Aktas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7135-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben L.","family":"LaPlante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7026-859X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajeev K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-104346","article-title":"Trends in spinal cord stimulation utilization: change, growth and implications for the future","volume":"48","author":"Chow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg Anesth Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1227\/neu.0000000000002654","article-title":"History and future of spinal cord stimulation","volume":"94","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.06.027","article-title":"The incidence of failed back surgery syndrome varies between clinical setting and procedure type","volume":"103","author":"Stanton","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.45876","article-title":"Association of spinal cord stimulator implantation with persistent opioid use in patients with postlaminectomy syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00279-4","article-title":"Complex regional pain syndrome: a comprehensive review","volume":"10","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.4.g01jl271033","article-title":"Fluoroscopy: patient radiation exposure issues","volume":"21","author":"Mahesh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2012.0213","article-title":"Radiation exposure during continuous and pulsed fluoroscopy","volume":"27","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Endourol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-022-04238-2","article-title":"Linear relationship between absorbed radiation dose and pulse rate during fluoroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Yecies","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib9","unstructured":"Covidence systematic review software. Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Available at: www.covidence.org."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib10","first-page":"39","article-title":"Decreased radiation exposure with percutaneous shielded lead compared to unshielded implant for spinal cord stimulation","volume":"18","author":"Zaidman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3100","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab218","article-title":"Radiation use trends during spinal cord stimulator placement performed by fellow trainees","volume":"22","author":"D'Souza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.06.086","article-title":"Biplanar fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous lead implantation for spinal cord stimulation: technical note","volume":"105","author":"Lawson McLean","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2012\/15\/161","article-title":"Benefits of inferential statistical methods in radiation exposure studies: another look at percutaneous spinal cord stimulation mapping [trialing] procedures","volume":"15","author":"Wininger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/7","article-title":"Radiation exposure in percutaneous spinal cord stimulation mapping: a preliminary report","volume":"13","author":"Wininger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12146","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation therapy in management of chronic pain","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12636","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulator related infections: findings from a multicenter retrospective analysis of 2737 implants","volume":"20","author":"Bendel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation Technol Neural Interface"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13103","article-title":"EAN guidelines on central neurostimulation therapy in chronic pain conditions","volume":"23","author":"Cruccu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.02.016","article-title":"2018 ACC\/HRS\/NASCI\/SCAI\/SCCT expert consensus document on optimal use of ionizing radiation in cardiovascular imaging: best practices for safety and effectiveness","volume":"71","author":"Hirshfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/jcis.JCIS_94_17","article-title":"Radiation reduction in low dose pulsed fluoroscopy versus standard dose continuous fluoroscopy during fluoroscopically-guided lumbar punctures: a prospective controlled study","volume":"8","author":"Sabat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Imaging Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib20","article-title":"Radiation exposure during basivertebral nerve radiofrequency ablations","volume":"3","author":"Stephens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Interv Pain Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12677","article-title":"Radiation dose exposure for lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections and facet joint blocks under CT vs. fluoroscopic guidance","volume":"18","author":"Maino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnw264","article-title":"Is there a relationship between body mass index and fluoroscopy time during cervical interlaminar epidural steroid injections?","volume":"18","author":"McCormick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2016.03.041","article-title":"The effect of body mass index on fluoroscopic time and radiation dose during lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections","volume":"16","author":"Cushman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2002\/5\/385","article-title":"Radiation exposure to the physician in interventional pain management","volume":"5","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e318228c9dd","article-title":"Reduction in average fluoroscopic exposure times for interventional spinal procedures through the use of pulsed and low-dose image settings","volume":"90","author":"Goodman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/acm2.13526","article-title":"AAPM medical physics practice guideline 12.a: fluoroscopy dose management","volume":"23","author":"Fisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Clin Med Phys"}],"container-title":["Interventional Pain Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772594426000208?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2772594426000208?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:49:31Z","timestamp":1782128971000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2772594426000208"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2772594426000208"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755","relation":{},"ISSN":["2772-5944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2772-5944","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Fluoroscopic radiation exposure during spinal cord stimulation procedures: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Interventional Pain Medicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inpm.2026.100755","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of International Pain & Spine Intervention Society.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100755"}}