{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:20:21Z","timestamp":1788931221450,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,15]],"date-time":"2020-10-15T05:39:52Z","timestamp":1602740392000},"page":"107050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Reversible primary adrenal insufficiency related to anti-programmed cell-death 1 protein active immunotherapy: Insight into an unforeseen outcome of a rare immune-related adverse event"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Maria V.","family":"Deligiorgi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios T.","family":"Trafalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.03.001","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade: a common denominator approach to cancer therapy","volume":"27","author":"Topalian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00006","article-title":"Endocrine toxicity of cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints","volume":"40","author":"Chang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3153","article-title":"Novel cancer immunotherapy agents with survival benefit: recent successes and next steps","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4321","article-title":"Is autoimmunity the Achilles\u2019 heel of cancer immunotherapy?","volume":"23","author":"June","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.4103\/apjon.apjon_3_19","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: a minireview of current clinical guidelines","volume":"6","author":"Trinh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.77.6385","article-title":"Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline","volume":"36","author":"Brahmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0754-2","article-title":"Endocrine toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a real-world study leveraging US Food and Drug Administration adverse events reporting system","volume":"7","author":"Zhai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-019-00632-w","article-title":"Toxicities with immune checkpoint inhibitors: emerging priorities from disproportionality analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system","volume":"14","author":"Raschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Target Oncol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160221","article-title":"Adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade in patients with cancer: a systematic review of case reports","volume":"11","author":"Abdel-Wahab","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-018-0073-4","article-title":"Spectrum of immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced endocrinopathies in cancer patients: a scoping review of case reports","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2019-0132","article-title":"Endocrine adverse events related with immune checkpoint inhibitors: an update for clinicians","volume":"12","author":"Deligiorgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ando.2018.07.002","article-title":"Expert opinions on adrenal complications in immunotherapy","volume":"79","author":"Haissaguerre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris)"},{"issue":"10 Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.07.006","article-title":"Diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of hyponatremia: expert panel recommendations","volume":"126","author":"Verbalis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0070","series-title":"McDermott MT Endocrine Secrets","first-page":"198","article-title":"Water Metabolism","author":"Sanders","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1710","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of primary adrenal insufficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Bornstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"12 P 2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2012.09.010","article-title":"Autoimmune Addison's disease","volume":"41","author":"Napier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Presse Med."},{"issue":"2\u201303","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0085","first-page":"165","article-title":"An update on Addison's disease","volume":"127","author":"Barthel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0090","first-page":"66","article-title":"Effect of steroid replacement on hyperpigmentation in Addison's disease","volume":"1","author":"Sahoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Curr. Res. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T331","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0358","article-title":"Endocrine side effects of cancer immunotherapy","volume":"24","author":"Cukier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-18-0320","article-title":"French Endocrine Society Guidance on endocrine side-effects of immunotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Castinetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.2383","article-title":"A case of extreme hyponatremia without neurologic symptoms","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-1020","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia","volume":"170","author":"Spasovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0843-3366","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"51","author":"de Filette","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3064","article-title":"Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Barroso-Sousa","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-4075","article-title":"Endocrine side effects induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"98","author":"Corsello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.06.002","article-title":"Endocrine-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade and expert insights on their management","volume":"58","author":"Sznol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.15.222","article-title":"Risk of endocrine complications in cancer patients treated with immune check point inhibitors: a meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Abdel-Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e518e9","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000000887","article-title":"Ipilimumab-induced adrenalitis: a possible pitfall in 18F-FDGPET\/CT","volume":"40","author":"Bacanovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70031-7","article-title":"Ipilimumab-induced autoimmune adrenalitis","volume":"1","author":"Min","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0150","first-page":"16","article-title":"Hyponatraemia secondary to nivolumab-induced primary adrenal failure","volume":"2016","author":"Trainer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2017-00170","article-title":"Polyendocrinopathy resulting from pembrolizumab in a patient with a malignant melanoma","volume":"1","author":"Paepegaey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2018.04.001","article-title":"Immunotherapy-induced Addison's disease: a rare, persistent and potentially lethal side-effect","volume":"97","author":"Hescot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00366","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade anti-PD-L1 as a trigger for autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Lanzolla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4158\/EP.1.1.14","article-title":"Autoimmune Addison's disease after treatment with interleukin-2 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes","volume":"1","author":"Wahle","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0175","first-page":"001","article-title":"Revisitation of autoimmune Addison\u2019s disease: known and open pathophysiologic and clinical aspects","volume":"3","author":"Bellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0180","unstructured":"https:\/\/radiopaedia.org\/articles\/adrenal-insufficiency-1. Accessed March 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1052919","article-title":"Computed tomography of the adrenal glands in Addison's disease","volume":"140","author":"Rzymski","year":"1984","journal-title":"Rofo."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00625.x","article-title":"Addison\u2019s disease in Africa-a teaching hospital experience","volume":"50","author":"Soule","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0195","first-page":"563","article-title":"Addison disease: early detection and treatment principles","volume":"89","author":"Michels","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0200","series-title":"Adrenals in: Oxford Handbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes","first-page":"216","author":"Turner","year":"2009"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv119","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx225","article-title":"Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"28","author":"Haanen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0300-z","article-title":"Managing toxicities associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: consensus recommendations from the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) toxicity management working group","volume":"5","author":"Puzanov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0215","unstructured":"Management of immunotherpy-Related Toxicities. National Comphrehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines. Version 2; 2019. Available at www.nccn.org\/professionals\/physiciangls\/pdf\/immunotherapy.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1080\/22201009.2011.10872256","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of Addison\u2019s disease: insights gained from a large South African cohort","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol., Metab. Diabetes South Africa."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R151","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-17-0009","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: hypophysitis - diagnosis and treatment","volume":"179","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0729-3","article-title":"Recovery from secondary adrenal insufficiency in a patient with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy induced hypophysitis","volume":"7","author":"Thapi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0235","article-title":"Autoimmune complications of immunotherapy: pathophysiology and management","volume":"369","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0240","first-page":"665","article-title":"Immune system: part III. The delicate balance of the immune system between tolerance and autoimmunity","volume":"50","author":"de Souza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0277-x","article-title":"The yin and yang of co-inhibitory receptors: toward anti-tumor immunity without autoimmunity [published correction appears in Cell Res. 2020 Feb 21]","volume":"30","author":"Schnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363655","article-title":"CTLA-4 in autoimmune diseases\u2013a general susceptibility gene to autoimmunity?","volume":"1","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1500619","article-title":"The emerging role of the CTLA-4 gene in autoimmune endocrinopathies","volume":"150","author":"Vaidya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2015.27","article-title":"CTLA-4 as a genetic determinant in autoimmune Addison's disease","volume":"16","author":"Wolff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000443871","article-title":"From genetic predisposition to molecular mechanisms of autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency","volume":"46","author":"Falorni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Horm. Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1404","article-title":"Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) gene variants contribute to autoimmune Addison's disease and Graves' disease susceptibility","volume":"94","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-18-0487","article-title":"The balancing act between cancer immunity and autoimmunity in response to immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Young","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12699","article-title":"Clues for early detection of autoimmune Addison's disease - myths and realities","volume":"283","author":"Saevik","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576920324218?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576920324218?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T17:24:56Z","timestamp":1761585896000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576920324218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S1567576920324218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Reversible primary adrenal insufficiency related to anti-programmed cell-death 1 protein active immunotherapy: Insight into an unforeseen outcome of a rare immune-related adverse event","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107050","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107050"}}