{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T22:44:40Z","timestamp":1789425880021,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003347","name":"Fudan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010120","name":"Huashan Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016101","name":"Guangdong Provincial Translational Medicine Innovation Platform for Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Disease","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014B030301035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014B030301035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016101","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,6]],"date-time":"2021-02-06T09:46:02Z","timestamp":1612604762000},"page":"107434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Leflunomide ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by regulating humoral and cellular immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqiang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changyi","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0079-y","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis","volume":"5","author":"Gilhus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.07.006","article-title":"Pathophysiology and immunological profile of myasthenia gravis and its subgroups","volume":"49","author":"Romi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.141.6.1365","article-title":"Experimental autoimmune myasthenia: A model of myasthenia gravis in rats and guinea pigs","volume":"141","author":"Lennon","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"F. Baggi, A. Annoni, F. Ubiali, M. Milani, R. Longhi, W. Scaioli, et al., Breakdown of tolerance to a self-peptide of acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit induces experimental myasthenia gravis in rats, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 172(4) (2004) 2697\u20132703.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.4.2697"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2014.06.003","article-title":"Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (EAMG): from immunochemical characterization to therapeutic approaches","volume":"54","author":"Fuchs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.03.024","article-title":"Germinal center B cell and T follicular helper cell development initiates in the interfollicular zone","volume":"34","author":"Kerfoot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400","article-title":"Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH)","volume":"29","author":"Crotty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20141380","article-title":"BCL6 orchestrates Tfh cell differentiation via multiple distinct mechanisms","volume":"212","author":"Hatzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051982","article-title":"Inhibition of aberrant circulating Tfh cell proportions by corticosteroids in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"7","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/827480","article-title":"Increased frequency of circulating follicular helper T cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2012","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Develop. Immunol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.12.001","article-title":"Expansion of circulating counterparts of follicular helper T cells in patients with myasthenia gravis","volume":"256","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02469","article-title":"Regulation of the germinal center response","volume":"9","author":"Stebegg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Wollenberg, A. Agua-Doce, A. Hern\u00e1ndez, C. Almeida, V.G. Oliveira, J. Faro, et al., Regulation of the germinal center reaction by Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950) 187(9) (2011) 4553\u20134560.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101328"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0070","first-page":"e826","article-title":"Disequilibrium of T helper type 1, 2 and 17 cells and regulatory T cells during the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis","volume":"128","author":"Mu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000473","article-title":"Myasthenia gravis: new developments in research and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Evoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7944-8","article-title":"Leflunomide treatment in corticosteroid-dependent myasthenia gravis: an open-label pilot study","volume":"263","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)86732-6","article-title":"A novel immunomodulator for the treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"21","author":"Leflunomide","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0090","unstructured":"J.S. Smolen, R. Landew\u00e9, J. Bijlsma, G. Burmester, K. Chatzidionysiou, M. Dougados, et al., EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. 76(6) (2017) 960\u2013977."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1586\/17512433.2015.1019343","article-title":"Leflunomide and teriflunomide: altering the metabolism of pyrimidines for the treatment of autoimmune diseases","volume":"8","author":"Fragoso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(85)90003-7","article-title":"Immunopharmacological profile of a novel isoxazol derivative, HWA 486, with potential antirheumatic activity\u2013I. Disease modifying action on adjuvant arthritis of the rat","volume":"7","author":"Bartlett","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01971235","article-title":"Disease modifying activity of HWA 486 on the development of SLE in MRL\/1-mice","volume":"19","author":"Popovic","year":"1986","journal-title":"Agents Actions"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Siemasko, A.S.F. Chong, H.M. Jaeck, H. Gong, J.W. Williams, A. Finnegan, Inhibition of JAK3 and STAT6 Tyrosine Phosphorylation by the Immunosuppressive Drug Leflunomide Leads to a Block in IgG1 Production. 1998: 1581.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.160.4.1581"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.01.006","article-title":"A77 1726, the active metabolite of leflunomide, attenuates lupus nephritis by promoting the development of regulatory T cells and inhibiting IL-17-producing double negative T cells","volume":"157","author":"Qiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. (Orlando, Fla)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-015-0334-4","article-title":"Caspase-1 inhibitor ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by innate dendric cell IL-1-IL-17 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-032557","article-title":"Expression of Livin, an antiapoptotic protein, is an independent favorable prognostic factor in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"109","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4109","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1126\/science.182.4109.293","article-title":"Neuromuscular junction in myasthenia gravis: decreased acetylcholine receptors","volume":"182","author":"Fambrough","year":"1973","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2637","article-title":"Dysregulation of germinal centres in autoimmune disease","volume":"9","author":"Vinuesa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.12.007","article-title":"Germinal center structure and function: lessons from CD19","volume":"20","author":"Carter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"issue":"5943","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1176676","article-title":"Bcl6 mediates the development of T follicular helper cells","volume":"325","author":"Nurieva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)."},{"issue":"5943","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175870","article-title":"Bcl6 and Blimp-1 are reciprocal and antagonistic regulators of T follicular helper cell differentiation","volume":"325","author":"Johnston","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0697-161","article-title":"The BCL-6 proto-oncogene controls germinal-centre formation and Th2-type inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1715","article-title":"Cytokine-secreting follicular T cells shape the antibody repertoire","volume":"10","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.009","article-title":"Generation of T follicular helper cells is mediated by interleukin-21 but independent of T helper 1, 2, or 17 cell lineages","volume":"29","author":"Nurieva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2242","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms that control the expression and activity of Bcl-6 in TH1 cells to regulate flexibility with a TFH-like gene profile","volume":"13","author":"Oestreich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.07.002","article-title":"The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 directs T follicular helper cell lineage commitment","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-019-00344-1","article-title":"Enhancement of T follicular helper cell-mediated humoral immunity reponses during development of experimental autoimmune Myasthenia gravis","volume":"35","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200838729","article-title":"BM stromal cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by altering the balance of Th cells through the secretion of IDO","volume":"39","author":"Kong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-017-1131-x","article-title":"The active metabolite of leflunomide, A77 1726, attenuates inflammatory arthritis in mice with spontaneous arthritis via induction of heme oxygenase-1","volume":"15","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108492","article-title":"Circulating Th1\/17 cells serve as a biomarker of disease severity and a target for early intervention in AChR-MG patients","volume":"218","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol. (Orlando, Fla)."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.009","article-title":"Single-cell genomics unveils critical regulators of Th17 cell pathogenicity","volume":"163","author":"Gaublomme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7395","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10957","article-title":"Pathogen-induced human TH17 cells produce IFN-\u03b3 or IL-10 and are regulated by IL-1\u03b2","volume":"484","author":"Zielinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7446","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11984","article-title":"Induction of pathogenic TH17 cells by inducible salt-sensing kinase SGK1","volume":"496","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2416","article-title":"Induction and molecular signature of pathogenic TH17 cells","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10132","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902793RR","article-title":"A77 1726, the active metabolite of the anti-rheumatoid arthritis drug leflunomide, inhibits influenza A virus replication in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the activity of Janus kinases","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J.: Off. Publ. Federation Am. Societies Exp. Biol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1014656","article-title":"Randomized trial of oral teriflunomide for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"365","author":"O'Connor","year":"2011","journal-title":"New England J. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0192-0561(95)00009-Q","article-title":"Leflunomide prevents the development of experimentally induced myasthenia gravis","volume":"17","author":"Vidic-Dankovic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70063-8","article-title":"Autoimmune myasthenia gravis: emerging clinical and biological heterogeneity","volume":"8","author":"Meriggioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.05.040","article-title":"Caspase-1 inhibitor regulates humoral responses in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis via IL-6- dependent inhibiton of STAT3","volume":"656","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.58","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells in immunity and systemic autoimmunity","volume":"8","author":"Craft","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1002\/art.25032","article-title":"Expansion of circulating T cells resembling follicular helper T cells is a fixed phenotype that identifies a subset of severe systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"62","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081886","article-title":"Follicular helper T cells are required for systemic autoimmunity","volume":"206","author":"Linterman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.09.001","article-title":"Altered expression of chemokine receptor CXCR5 on T cells of myasthenia gravis patients","volume":"170","author":"Saito","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12815","article-title":"Transcriptional repressor Blimp1 regulates follicular regulatory T-cell homeostasis and function","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2261","article-title":"The development and fate of follicular helper T cells defined by an IL-21 reporter mouse","volume":"13","author":"L\u00fcthje","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Spolski, D. Gromer, W.J. Leonard, The\u03b3 (c)family of cytokines: fine-tuning signals from IL-2 and IL-21 in the regulation of the immune response. 2017; 6: 1872.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.12202.1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2019.01.013","article-title":"Clinical significance and immunobiology of IL-21 in autoimmunity","volume":"99","author":"Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.T. Sage, N. Ron-Harel, V.R. Juneja, D.R. Sen, Suppression by T(FR) cells leads to durable and selective inhibition of B cell effector function. 2016; 17(12): 1436\u20131446.","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3578"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.12.047","article-title":"The role of IL-21 in immunity and cancer","volume":"358","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-054973","article-title":"The molecular basis of IL-21-mediated proliferation","volume":"109","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0103-8","article-title":"The immune system, cytokines, and biomarkers in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"33","author":"Masi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Kaul, M. Shenoy, E. Goluszko, P. Christadoss, Major histocompatibility complex class II gene disruption prevents experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 152(6) (1994) 3152\u20133157.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.152.6.3152"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1405.042","article-title":"CD4+ T cells and cytokines in the pathogenesis of acquired myasthenia gravis","volume":"1132","author":"Conti-Fine","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2009.09.022","article-title":"T-bet deficiency decreases susceptibility to experimental myasthenia gravis","volume":"220","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.X. Zhang, B.G. Xiao, X.F. Bai, P.H. van der Meide, A. Orn, H. Link Mice with IFN-gamma receptor deficiency are less susceptible to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 162(7) (1999) 3775\u20133781.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.162.7.3775"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Aricha, T. Feferman, S. Fuchs, M.C. Souroujon, Ex vivo generated regulatory T cells modulate experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 180(4) (2008) 2132\u20132139.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.4.2132"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2011.05.003","article-title":"Neuroprotective, immunosuppressant and antineoplastic properties of mTOR inhibitors: current and emerging therapeutic options","volume":"11","author":"Pignataro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22085","article-title":"Rapamycin reduces disease activity and normalizes T cell activation-induced calcium fluxing in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"54","author":"Fernandez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27504","article-title":"Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling is crucial for joint destruction in experimental arthritis and is activated in osteoclasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"62","author":"Cejka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20170767","article-title":"Rapamycin alleviates inflammation and muscle weakness, while altering the Treg\/Th17 balance in a rat model of myasthenia gravis","volume":"37","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.A. Burchill, J. Yang, C. Vogtenhuber, B.R. Blazar, M.A. Farrar, IL-2 receptor beta-dependent STAT5 activation is required for the development of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, J. Immunol. (Baltimore, Md : 1950). 178(1) (2007) 280\u2013290.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.1.280"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.02.009","article-title":"Interleukin-2 signaling via STAT5 constrains T helper 17 cell generation","volume":"26","author":"Laurence","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576921000709?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576921000709?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T17:26:45Z","timestamp":1761586005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576921000709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S1567576921000709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Leflunomide ameliorates experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by regulating humoral and cellular immune responses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107434","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"107434"}}