{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T01:50:10Z","timestamp":1793065810989,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002378","name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T04:27:31Z","timestamp":1672201651000},"page":"109647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, amends experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis in mice: Involvement of the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Mohamed A","family":"Sadek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esraa A","family":"Kandil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesrine S","family":"El Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helmy M","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A","family":"Rabie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1649502","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"38","author":"Yamout","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1159\/000360528","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: current knowledge and future outlook","volume":"72","author":"Kamm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1579693","article-title":"Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: from risk factors to prevention-an update","volume":"36","author":"Ascherio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl 13","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0020","first-page":"177","article-title":"Cognitive aspects in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Lisak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Danub."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walton, C., et al., Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: Insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler, 2020. 26(14): p. 1816-1821.","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1810","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200150","article-title":"The economic burden of multiple sclerosis in the United States: estimate of direct and indirect costs","volume":"98","author":"Bebo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147319","article-title":"New insights into multiple sclerosis mechanisms: lipids on the track to control inflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"22","author":"Podbielska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/725370","article-title":"Inflammation, iron, energy failure, and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"2015","author":"Haider","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000363515","article-title":"Oxidative stress induced by lipid peroxidation is related with inflammation of demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028936","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis pathology","volume":"8","author":"Lassmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110874","article-title":"The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in multiple sclerosis","volume":"132","author":"Noori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0060","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitors: preclinical and clinical focus on CNS-A decade onward","volume":"14","author":"Arciniegas Ruiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020262","article-title":"Mechanisms and therapeutic implications of GSK-3 in treating neurodegeneration","volume":"10","author":"Rippin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2016.49.6.059","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta in Toll-like receptor signaling","volume":"49","author":"Ko","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2012.07.003","article-title":"GSK-3 mediates the release of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-10 from cortical glia","volume":"61","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003511","article-title":"Glycogen synthase kinase-3 is an early determinant in the differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells","volume":"186","author":"Beurel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2022.104515","article-title":"NFAT5 contributes to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and decrease of T regulatory cells in female mice","volume":"375","author":"Packialakshmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2010.00444.x","article-title":"An animal model of cortical and callosal pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Mangiardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518805246","article-title":"Animal models of multiple sclerosis: from rodents to zebrafish","volume":"25","author":"Burrows","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a41d23","article-title":"Quantification of myelin and axon pathology during relapsing progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Biozzi ABH mouse","volume":"68","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458511400476","article-title":"Immunosuppression with FTY720 is insufficient to prevent secondary progressive neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"17","author":"Al-Izki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult. Scler."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070925","article-title":"Pharmacological Inhibition of STAT3 by stattic ameliorates clinical symptoms and reduces autoinflammation in myeloid, lymphoid, and neuronal tissue compartments in relapsing-remitting model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL\/J mice","volume":"13","author":"Alhazzani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2022.113997","article-title":"Cathepsin B inhibitor alleviates Th1, Th17, and Th22 transcription factor signaling dysregulation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"351","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2022.152245","article-title":"CCR1 antagonist J-113863 corrects the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a SJL\/J mouse model of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"227","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0125","article-title":"Neuroprotective mechanisms of glucagon-like peptide-1-based therapies in ischemic stroke: an update based on preclinical research","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689717721234","article-title":"A new treatment strategy for Parkinson's disease through the gut-brain axis: the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor pathway","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00805-5","article-title":"Vildagliptin attenuates huntington's disease through activation of GLP-1 receptor\/PI3K\/Akt\/BDNF pathway in 3-nitropropionic acid rat model","volume":"17","author":"Sayed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0140","article-title":"Safety of Semaglutide","volume":"12","author":"Smits","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0145","article-title":"Semaglutide for the treatment of obesity","author":"Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0150","first-page":"6813017","article-title":"Semaglutide protects against 6-OHDA toxicity by enhancing autophagy and inhibiting oxidative stress","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2021.5052","article-title":"Semaglutide attenuates seizure severity and ameliorates cognitive dysfunction by blocking the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome in pentylenetetrazolekindled mice","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-181503","article-title":"Semaglutide is neuroprotective and reduces alpha-synuclein levels in the chronic MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-019-06915-8","article-title":"Neuroprotection in rats following ischaemia-reperfusion injury by GLP-1 analogues-liraglutide and semaglutide","volume":"33","author":"Basalay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0170","first-page":"1428817","article-title":"DA5-CH and semaglutide protect against neurodegeneration and reduce alpha-synuclein levels in the 6-OHDA Parkinson's disease rat model","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-022-03302-1","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of semaglutide, a newer GLP-1 receptor agonist, in abating obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative diseases: a narrative review","volume":"39","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111676","article-title":"Linking the amyloid, tau, and mitochondrial hypotheses of Alzheimer's disease and identifying promising drug targets","volume":"12","author":"Fisar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12464","article-title":"Neural effects of gut- and brain-derived glucagon-like peptide-1 and its receptor agonist","volume":"7","author":"Katsurada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20051050","article-title":"Liraglutide and its neuroprotective properties-focus on possible biochemical mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemic events","volume":"20","author":"Wicinski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5304","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27339","article-title":"Methylene blue offers neuroprotection after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats through the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK3beta signaling pathway","volume":"234","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.905700","article-title":"recombinant osteopontin improves neurological functional recovery and protects against apoptosis via PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3beta pathway following intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2019.04.017","article-title":"A hypothetic role of minocycline as a neuroprotective agent against methylphenidate-induced neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction and tau protein hyper-phosphorylation: possible role of PI3\/Akt\/GSK3beta signaling pathway","volume":"128","author":"Salehi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.21936","article-title":"The neuroprotective effect of mesenchymal stem cells on an experimentally induced model for multiple sclerosis in mice","volume":"31","author":"Mahfouz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2017.04.003","article-title":"Consistent induction of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL\/6 mice for the longitudinal study of pathology and repair","volume":"284","author":"Hasselmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.590884","article-title":"Rapamycin alleviates the symptoms of multiple sclerosis in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) through mediating the TAM-TLRs-SOCS pathway","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2018.07.003","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of the novel GLP-1 long acting analogue semaglutide in the MPTP Parkinson's disease mouse model","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2017.06.015","article-title":"Elevated serum [Met(5)]-enkephalin levels correlate with improved clinical and behavioral outcomes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"134","author":"Ludwig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2021.07.011","article-title":"TRPA1 involvement in depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in a progressive multiple sclerosis model in mice","volume":"175","author":"Peres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.01.029.2008","article-title":"Light phase testing of social behaviors: not a problem","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40713-4","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in an animal model of multiple sclerosis and its amelioration by glatiramer acetate","volume":"9","author":"Aharoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000609","article-title":"Glutamine antagonism attenuates physical and cognitive deficits in a model of MS","volume":"6","author":"Hollinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2565-2","article-title":"Inhibition of the NLRP3-inflammasome prevents cognitive deficits in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice via the alteration of astrocyte phenotype","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.83.3.482","article-title":"The open-field test: a critical review","volume":"83","author":"Walsh","year":"1976","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-7158.1968.tb09743.x","article-title":"The quantiative measurement of motor inco-ordination in naive mice using an acelerating rotarod","volume":"20","author":"Jones","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32981","DOI":"10.3402\/pba.v6.32981","article-title":"Grip strength is potentially an early indicator of age-related decline in mice","volume":"6","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathobiol Aging Age Relat Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00096","article-title":"Commonly used anesthesia\/euthanasia methods for brain collection differentially impact MAPK activity in male and female C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"13","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01447-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of telmisartan and nifedipine against cuprizone-induced demyelination and behavioral dysfunction in mice: roles of NF-kappaB and Nrf2","volume":"44","author":"Abd El Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.133429","article-title":"Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways","volume":"5","author":"Gabery","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.7.1293","article-title":"Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication: does the corpus callosum enable the human condition?","volume":"123","author":"Gazzaniga","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-016-9611-y","article-title":"Baicalin attenuates ketamine-induced neurotoxicity in the developing rats: involvement of PI3K\/Akt and CREB\/BDNF\/Bcl-2 pathways","volume":"30","author":"Zuo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006692","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor administration mediated oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation in subcortical ischemic stroke","volume":"46","author":"Ramos-Cejudo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Glatigny, E. Bettelli, Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) as Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2018. 8(11).","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028977"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.D. Miller, W.J. Karpus, T.S. Davidson, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouse. Curr Protoc Immunol, 2010. Chapter 15: p. Unit 15 1.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im1501s88"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0550-2","article-title":"Activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor promotes neuroprotection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by reducing neuroinflammatory responses","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01088-5","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, NLY01, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"18","author":"Gharagozloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521503","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5521503","article-title":"Bu Shen Yi Sui Capsule alleviates neuroinflammation and demyelination by promoting microglia toward M2 polarization, which correlates with changes in miR-124 and miR-155 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"2021","author":"Zha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.03.001","article-title":"Novel insights into the mechanisms underlying depression-associated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"93","author":"Duarte-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2018.02.016","article-title":"Fingolimod inhibits brain atrophy and promotes brain-derived neurotrophic factor in an animal model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"318","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09841-0","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in early MS: contribution of white matter lesions, deep grey matter atrophy, and cortical atrophy","volume":"267","author":"Engl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.106398","article-title":"Understanding the impact of cognitive impairment and disease severity on activities of daily living in MS patients with different disability levels","volume":"200","author":"Yazgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.01.020","article-title":"Increased expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related caspase-12 and CHOP in the hippocampus of EAE mice","volume":"147","author":"Kamarehei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-022-00956-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of liraglutide in an experimental mouse model of multiple sclerosis: role of AMPK\/SIRT1 signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome","volume":"30","author":"Ammar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0045","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 in the brain: where is it coming from, where is it going?","volume":"68","author":"Daniels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200810044","article-title":"Glucose and GLP-1 stimulate cAMP production via distinct adenylyl cyclases in INS-1E insulinoma cells","volume":"132","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.09.010","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)","volume":"30","author":"Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2165\/11635890-000000000-00000","article-title":"Potential role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in neuroprotection","volume":"26","author":"Holscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15683","article-title":"The role of glia in the physiology and pharmacology of glucagon-like peptide-1: implications for obesity, diabetes, neurodegeneration and glaucoma","volume":"179","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0390","first-page":"5729","article-title":"The bone marrow mononuclear cells reduce the oxidative stress of cerebral infarction through PI3K\/AKT\/NRF2 signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01853-x","article-title":"TREM2 activation attenuates neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis via PI3K\/Akt pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26859","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26859","article-title":"The neuroprotection of liraglutide against ischaemia-induced apoptosis through the activation of the PI3K\/AKT and MAPK pathways","volume":"6","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4754195","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4754195","article-title":"Sulforaphene ameliorates neuroinflammation and hyperphosphorylated tau protein via regulating the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3beta pathway in experimental models of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"2020","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2017.50.1.48","article-title":"Potential involvement of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta in a rat model of multiple sclerosis: evidenced by lithium treatment","volume":"50","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040721","article-title":"GSK-3 and tau: a key duet in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"10","author":"Sayas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00081","article-title":"GSK-3beta contributes to parkinsonian dopaminergic neuron death: evidence from conditional knockout mice and tideglusib","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00585","article-title":"Treatment with Liraglutide exerts neuroprotection after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats via the PI3K\/AKT\/GSK3beta pathway","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0430","article-title":"Adenosine A(1) receptor agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine, attenuates Huntington's disease via stimulation of TrKB\/PI3K\/Akt\/CREB\/BDNF pathway in 3-nitropropionic acid rat model","author":"Rabie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109571","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of secukinumab against rotenone induced Parkinson's disease in rat model: Involvement of IL-17, HMGB-1\/TLR4 axis and BDNF\/TrKB cascade","volume":"114","author":"Mohamed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2015.56342","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and its clinical implications","volume":"11","author":"Bathina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-021-03111-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis and myelin basic protein: insights into protein disorder and disease","volume":"54","author":"Martinsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11500","article-title":"Potential role of NGF, BDNF, and their receptors in oligodendrocytes differentiation from neural stem cell: an in vitro study","volume":"45","author":"Langhnoja","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.03.028","article-title":"Remote limb ischemic post conditioning during early reperfusion alleviates cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury via GSK-3beta\/CREB\/ BDNF pathway","volume":"803","author":"Ramagiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.066","article-title":"Prevention of pentylenetetrazole-induced kindling and behavioral comorbidities in mice by levetiracetam combined with the GLP-1 agonist liraglutide: involvement of brain antioxidant and BDNF upregulating properties","volume":"109","author":"de Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-021-00274-8","article-title":"Insights into a possible role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of depression","volume":"73","author":"Detka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.740966","article-title":"Inhibition of brain GTP cyclohydrolase I attenuates 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal toxicity: involvement of mas receptor\/PI3k\/Akt\/CREB\/ BDNF axis","volume":"12","author":"Mustafa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.11.010","article-title":"Oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: central and peripheral mode of action","volume":"277","author":"Ohl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22139","article-title":"Oxidative stress disrupts oligodendrocyte maturation","volume":"87","author":"French","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03802-0","article-title":"Oxidative stress and impaired oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in neurological disorders","volume":"78","author":"Spaas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00116","article-title":"Neuroprotection against oxidative stress: phytochemicals targeting TrkB signaling and the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant system","volume":"13","author":"Hannan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0495","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis: the role of Nrf2-dependent pathways","volume":"11","author":"Maldonado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285614564152","article-title":"Dimethyl fumarate in the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: an overview","volume":"8","author":"Bomprezzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20196","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20196","article-title":"GSK-3beta downregulates Nrf2 in cultured cortical neurons and in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108703","article-title":"Acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid improves clinical symptoms through modulation of Nrf2 and NF-kappaB pathways in SJL\/J mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"107","author":"Nadeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010026","article-title":"Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on Oxidative stress and Nrf2 signaling","volume":"19","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2022.104580","article-title":"CC chemokine receptor 5 antagonist alleviates inflammation by regulating IFN-gamma\/IL-10 and STAT4\/Smad3 signaling in a mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"379","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0525","article-title":"The MAP kinase inhibitor PD98059 reduces chromosomal instability in the autoimmune encephalomyelitis SJL\/J-mouse model of multiple sclerosis","volume":"861\u2013862","author":"Attia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225474","article-title":"An overview of Nrf2 signaling pathway and its role in inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Saha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/720689","article-title":"Regulatory role of GSK-3 beta on NF- kappa B, nitric oxide, and TNF- alpha in group A streptococcal infection","volume":"2013","author":"Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2021.577480","article-title":"Modulation of the HMGB1\/TLR4\/NF-kappaB signaling pathway in the CNS by matrine in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"352","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576922011328?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576922011328?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T14:07:18Z","timestamp":1736431638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576922011328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["S1567576922011328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Semaglutide, a novel glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist, amends experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced multiple sclerosis in mice: Involvement of the PI3K\/Akt\/GSK-3\u03b2 pathway","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109647","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"109647"}}