{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T02:19:19Z","timestamp":1792981159314,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2020QH120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2020QH120"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T17:52:39Z","timestamp":1752688359000},"page":"115197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["GDF11 alleviates spinal cord injury in rats by modulating microglia polarization through Smad2\/3 and MAPK\/NF\u03baB signaling pathways"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Zihao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Jing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menglin","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07603-1","article-title":"Spinal-cord injury","volume":"359","author":"McDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30415-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"18","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury, Nature reviews","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12056","article-title":"Acute spinal cord injury: pathophysiology and pharmacological intervention (Review)","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207533","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury: Pathophysiology, Multimolecular Interactions, and Underlying Recovery Mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Anjum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02337-2","article-title":"Inflammation after spinal cord injury: a review of the critical timeline of signaling cues and cellular infiltration","volume":"18","author":"Hellenbrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172692","article-title":"Inflammation: a target for treatment in spinal cord injury","volume":"11","author":"Freyermuth-Trujillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0631-6","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Scarring and Inflammation: Therapies Targeting Glial and Inflammatory Responses","volume":"15","author":"Orr","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurother. :J. Am. Soc. Experiment. NeuroTher."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0045","first-page":"255","article-title":"Pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury","volume":"42","author":"Ambrozaitis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2022.102303","article-title":"Systemic inflammation after spinal cord injury: A review of biological evidence, related health risks, and potential therapies","volume":"67","author":"Bigford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11376","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49199","article-title":"Delayed microglial depletion after spinal cord injury reduces chronic inflammation and neurodegeneration in the brain and improves neurological recovery in male mice","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053","article-title":"Microglia biology: one century of evolving concepts","volume":"179","author":"Prinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.09.014","article-title":"Microglia: Immune and non-immune functions","volume":"54","author":"Borst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2795-6","article-title":"Microglia-organized scar-free spinal cord repair in neonatal mice","volume":"587","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00885-4","article-title":"Temporal and spatial cellular and molecular pathological alterations with single-cell resolution in the adult spinal cord after injury","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Targeted Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: the roles of microglia and astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Translat. Neurodegen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13139","article-title":"Microglial M1\/M2 polarization and metabolic states","volume":"173","author":"Orihuela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2016.00098","article-title":"Inflammogenesis of Secondary Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"10","author":"Anwar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3512","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 superfamily ligand trap ACE-536 corrects anemia by promoting late-stage erythropoiesis","volume":"20","author":"Suragani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1159\/000529444","article-title":"GDF11 improves ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury via regulating macrophage M1\/M2 Polarization","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2016.160","article-title":"GDF11 Protects against Endothelial Injury and Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice","volume":"24","author":"Mei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Ther.: J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108777","article-title":"GDF11 ameliorates severe acute pancreatitis through modulating macrophage M1 and M2 polarization by targeting the TGF\u03b2R1\/SMAD-2 pathway","volume":"108","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00633.x","article-title":"Melatonin reduces stress-activated\/mitogen-activated protein kinases in spinal cord injury","volume":"46","author":"Esposito","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01084","article-title":"Macrophage Polarization: Different Gene Signatures in M1(LPS+) vs. Classically and M2(LPS-) vs. Alternatively activated macrophages","volume":"10","author":"Orecchioni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012718","article-title":"Diversity, Mechanisms, and Significance of Macrophage Plasticity","volume":"15","author":"Locati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.09.016","article-title":"Microglia activation is associated with IFN-\u03b1 induced depressive-like behavior","volume":"55","author":"Wachholz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-018-0055-7","article-title":"Inflammasome signalling in brain function and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"19","author":"Heneka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.11194","article-title":"Trends in Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"314","author":"Selvarajah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(85)80064-0","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and protection","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24087159","article-title":"Edema after CNS Trauma: A Focus on Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"24","author":"Seblani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121650","article-title":"The role of GDF11 during inflammation An overview","volume":"322","author":"Machelak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.05.024","article-title":"GDF11 improves hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive abilities in diabetic mice by reducing neural inflammation","volume":"120","author":"Xing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010421","article-title":"Multifaceted benefits of GDF11 treatment in spinal cord injury: in vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"24","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8186877","article-title":"GDF-11 Protects the Traumatically Injured Spinal Cord by Suppressing Pyroptosis and Necroptosis via TFE3-Mediated Autophagy Augmentation","volume":"2021","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.09.032","article-title":"Overexpression of circRNA circUCK2 Attenuates Cell Apoptosis in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via miR-125b-5p\/GDF11 Signaling","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2019.09.033","article-title":"Construction of rat spinal cord injury model based on Allen's animal model","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-112","article-title":"Different TLR4 expression and microglia\/macrophage activation induced by hemorrhage in the rat spinal cord after compressive injury","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/816460","article-title":"Understanding the mysterious M2 macrophage through activation markers and effector mechanisms","volume":"2015","author":"R\u0151szer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.08.002","article-title":"Priming the inflammatory pump of the CNS after traumatic brain injury","volume":"38","author":"Witcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.317119","article-title":"\u03b22M Signals Monocytes Through Non-Canonical TGF\u03b2 Receptor Signal Transduction","volume":"128","author":"Hilt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030867","article-title":"Stress-Activated Protein Kinases in Spinal Cord Injury: Focus on Roles of p38","volume":"19","author":"Kasuya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01751-2","article-title":"Advanced oxidation protein products induce microglia-mediated neuroinflammation via MAPKs-NF-\u03baB signaling pathway and pyroptosis after secondary spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1140-6","article-title":"Activation of melanocortin receptor 4 with RO27\u20133225 attenuates neuroinflammation through AMPK\/JNK\/p38 MAPK pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202100993R","article-title":"CircPrkcsh, a circular RNA, contributes to the polarization of microglia towards the M1 phenotype induced by spinal cord injury and acts via the JNK\/p38 MAPK pathway","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J.: Off. Publ. Federation Am. Soc. Experimental Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01809-1","article-title":"MAPK signaling determines lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)-induced inflammation in microglia","volume":"17","author":"Plastira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4187","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.49054","article-title":"SARM1 promotes neuroinflammation and inhibits neural regeneration after spinal cord injury through NF-\u03baB signaling","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6372","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharides-mediated injury to chondrogenic ATDC5 cells can be relieved by Sinomenine via downregulating microRNA-192","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytother. Res.: PTR"}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576925011877?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576925011877?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T05:06:50Z","timestamp":1757912810000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576925011877"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S1567576925011877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"GDF11 alleviates spinal cord injury in rats by modulating microglia polarization through Smad2\/3 and MAPK\/NF\u03baB signaling pathways","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115197","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115197"}}