{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:01:33Z","timestamp":1793055693842,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,8]],"date-time":"2025-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:31:43Z","timestamp":1752593503000},"page":"115203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 inhibition alters inflammatory gene expression signatures in the brain of mice infected with West Nile virus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Patricia","family":"Mingo-Casas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadri\u00e1n","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Bel\u00e9n","family":"Bl\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Esteban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Escribano-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nereida Jim\u00e9nez","family":"de Oya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Calvo-Pinilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Jes\u00fas","family":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva-Mar\u00eda","family":"Priego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Acebes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1908740","article-title":"Jimenez de Oya N: pathogenicity and virulence of West Nile virus revisited eight decades after its first isolation","volume":"12","author":"Saiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0010","article-title":"Climate change impacts on West Nile virus transmission in a global context","volume":"370","author":"Paz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8042","article-title":"West Nile virus: review of the literature","volume":"310","author":"Petersen","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00134-6","article-title":"Long-term sequelae of West Nile virus-related illness: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.749770","article-title":"Anti-flavivirus properties of lipid-lowering drugs","volume":"12","author":"Farfan-Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2016.09.005","article-title":"Lipids and flaviviruses, present and future perspectives for the control of dengue, Zika, and West Nile viruses","volume":"64","author":"Martin-Acebes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M064212","article-title":"Host sphingomyelin increases West Nile virus infection in vivo","volume":"57","author":"Martin-Acebes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231556","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2231556","article-title":"Lipid signatures of West Nile virus infection unveil alterations of sphingolipid metabolism providing novel biomarkers","volume":"12","author":"Mingo-Casas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-018-0017-2","article-title":"Zika virus propagation and release in human fetal astrocytes can be suppressed by neutral sphingomyelinase-2 inhibitor GW4869","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1578188","article-title":"Exosomes mediate Zika virus transmission through SMPD3 neutral sphingomyelinase in cortical neurons","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213935","article-title":"Allosteric inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) by DPTIP: from Antiflaviviral activity to deciphering its binding site through in silico studies and experimental validation","volume":"23","author":"Alvarez-Fernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12041","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02061-14","article-title":"The composition of West Nile virus lipid envelope unveils a role of sphingolipid metabolism in flavivirus biogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Martin-Acebes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720125115","article-title":"Arthropod EVs mediate dengue virus transmission through interaction with a tetraspanin domain containing glycoprotein Tsp29Fb","volume":"115","author":"Vora","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.03.025","article-title":"Nipping disease in the bud: nSMase2 inhibitors as therapeutics in extracellular vesicle-mediated diseases","volume":"26","author":"Tallon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2014.10.002","article-title":"Roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 in cellular and pathological processes","volume":"57","author":"Shamseddine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv Biol Regul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.313014","article-title":"Inhibition of extracellular vesicle pathway using neutral sphingomyelinase inhibitors as a neuroprotective treatment for brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.118.253955","article-title":"Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition alleviates LPS-induced microglia activation and Neuroinflammation after experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"368","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36144-2","article-title":"DPTIP, a newly identified potent brain penetrant neutral sphingomyelinase 2 inhibitor, regulates astrocyte-peripheral immune communication following brain inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0095","article-title":"Long-term, West Nile virus-induced neurological changes: a comparison of patients and rodent models","volume":"7","author":"Fulton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0100","first-page":"6","article-title":"Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 promotes remyelination","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0105","first-page":"18","article-title":"Neurologic sequelae of west nile virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Van Gerpen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ochsner J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11111","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.2c00562","article-title":"Discovery of orally bioavailable and brain-penetrable prodrugs of the potent nSMase2 inhibitor DPTIP","volume":"65","author":"Pal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02899-3","article-title":"Glycolytic shift during West Nile virus infection provides new therapeutic opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Mingo-Casas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W207","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad347","article-title":"G:profiler-interoperable web service for functional enrichment analysis and gene identifier mapping (2023 update)","volume":"51","author":"Kolberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-023-00523-3","article-title":"singleCellBase: a high-quality manually curated database of cell markers for single cell annotation across multiple species","volume":"11","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","article-title":"The STRING database in 2023: protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest","volume":"51","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.8b00702","article-title":"Cytoscape StringApp: network analysis and visualization of proteomics data","volume":"18","author":"Doncheva","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01578-15","article-title":"Modification of the host cell lipid metabolism induced by Hypolipidemic drugs targeting the acetyl coenzyme a carboxylase impairs West Nile virus replication","volume":"60","author":"Merino-Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042065","article-title":"Cytokine mRNA expression profile in target organs of IFNAR (\u2212\/\u2212) mice infected with African horse sickness virus","volume":"25","author":"Calvo-Pinilla","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294236","article-title":"SRplot: a free online platform for data visualization and graphing","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3670-0_6","article-title":"Lessons from the murine models of West Nile virus infection","volume":"1435","author":"McGruder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1401192","article-title":"IL-1R1 signaling regulates CXCL12-mediated T cell localization and fate within the central nervous system during West Nile virus encephalitis","volume":"193","author":"Durrant","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003039","article-title":"IL-1beta signaling promotes CNS-intrinsic immune control of West Nile virus infection","volume":"8","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1089\/104454902753759717","article-title":"Hemopexin: structure, function, and regulation","volume":"21","author":"Tolosano","year":"2002","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2022.2084607","article-title":"PTPN22: structure, function, and developments in inhibitor discovery with applications for immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Jassim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0190","first-page":"13","article-title":"ICAMs in immunity, intercellular adhesion and communication","author":"Guerra-Espinosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1688","article-title":"Innate immunity protein Tag7 (PGRP-S) activates lymphocytes capable of Fasl-Fas-dependent contact killing of virus-infected cells","volume":"69","author":"Sharapova","year":"2017","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.2.802","article-title":"IL-20 receptor 2 signaling down-regulates antigen-specific T cell responses","volume":"182","author":"Wahl","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01974-20","article-title":"ApoA1 neutralizes Proinflammatory effects of dengue virus NS1 protein and modulates viral immune evasion","volume":"95","author":"Coelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D687","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1028","article-title":"The reactome pathway knowledgebase 2022","volume":"50","author":"Gillespie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/312541a0","article-title":"Complexity of human T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain constant- and variable-region genes","volume":"312","author":"Sims","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.174.5.1049","article-title":"Lysozyme is an inducible marker of macrophage activation in murine tissues as demonstrated by in situ hybridization","volume":"174","author":"Keshav","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08874-w","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of glucocorticoids use in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198987","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1198987","article-title":"Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the storm of inflammatory factors in respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v16030383","article-title":"Inflammatory response associated with West Nile Neuroinvasive disease: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Pavesi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2535","article-title":"Modulation of immune responses in the central nervous system by Zika virus, West Nile virus, and dengue virus","volume":"34","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.01.004","article-title":"Integrated analysis of microRNAs and their disease related targets in the brain of mice infected with West Nile virus","volume":"452-453","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.10.010","article-title":"IL-1 reprogramming of adult neural stem cells limits neurocognitive recovery after viral encephalitis by maintaining a proinflammatory state","volume":"99","author":"Soung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-017-0021-y","article-title":"Astrocytes decrease adult neurogenesis during virus-induced memory dysfunction via IL-1","volume":"19","author":"Garber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.311208","article-title":"nSMase2 (type 2-neutral sphingomyelinase) deficiency or inhibition by GW4869 reduces inflammation and atherosclerosis in Apoe(\u2212\/\u2212) mice","volume":"38","author":"Lallemand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73912-5","article-title":"Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 regulates inflammatory responses in monocytes\/macrophages induced by TNF-alpha","volume":"10","author":"Al-Rashed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-109","article-title":"Early activation of nSMase2\/ceramide pathway in astrocytes is involved in ischemia-associated neuronal damage via inflammation in rat hippocampi","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aai7696","article-title":"Astrocyte-shed extracellular vesicles regulate the peripheral leukocyte response to inflammatory brain lesions","volume":"10","author":"Dickens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1104.041076","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of West Nile virus pathogenesis in brain cell","volume":"11","author":"Koh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.916","article-title":"LYP inhibits T-cell activation when dissociated from CSK","volume":"8","author":"Vang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11002","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600498200","article-title":"Identification of substrates of human protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPN22","volume":"281","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.189.10.1581","article-title":"A role for neutral sphingomyelinase-mediated ceramide production in T cell receptor-induced apoptosis and mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated signal transduction","volume":"189","author":"Tonnetti","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00226","article-title":"Role of neutral Sphingomyelinase-2 (NSM 2) in the control of T cell plasma membrane lipid composition and cholesterol homeostasis","volume":"7","author":"Bortlein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8312","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.15.8312-8321.2004","article-title":"Role of CD8+ T cells in control of West Nile virus infection","volume":"78","author":"Shrestha","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005375","article-title":"Neuroinvasive West Nile infection elicits elevated and atypically polarized T cell responses that promote a pathogenic outcome","volume":"12","author":"James","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab212","article-title":"Steroids use in non-oxygen requiring COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"114","author":"Sahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.006","article-title":"Effects of early corticosteroid treatment on plasma SARS-associated coronavirus RNA concentrations in adult patients","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203_bb0330","first-page":"9","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta signaling in dendritic cells induces antiviral interferon responses","author":"Aarreberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576925011932?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576925011932?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T05:05:06Z","timestamp":1757912706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576925011932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["S1567576925011932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 inhibition alters inflammatory gene expression signatures in the brain of mice infected with West Nile virus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115203","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115203"}}