{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:20:54Z","timestamp":1791606054139,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LMS25H090006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LMS25H090006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004731","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.LMS25H090006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.LMS25H090006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018928","name":"Westlake University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026C02A1154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026C02A1154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018928","name":"Westlake University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025SOM02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025SOM02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022963","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Zhejiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022963","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T21:45:03Z","timestamp":1774388703000},"page":"116554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Liquiritin attenuates IONI-induced trigeminal neuropathic pain via TLR4\/MyD88-dependent modulation of microglial M1-like polarization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"177","author":[{"given":"Zhijin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingcheng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letian","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30233-7","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Bendtsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00523-z","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"10","author":"Ashina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj4196","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj4196","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons control trigeminal neuralgia-induced anxiodepression via a hippocampus-to-prefrontal circuit","volume":"10","author":"Lv","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285609359317","article-title":"Treatment options in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"3","author":"Obermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01216-x","article-title":"Microglia polarization in nociplastic pain: mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Atta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.109206","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway suppresses microglial M1-polarization in the spinal cord and attenuates neuropathic pain","volume":"217","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002130","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain","volume":"129","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102863","article-title":"Low-dose LPS alleviates early brain injury after SAH by modulating microglial M1\/M2 polarization via USP19\/FOXO1\/IL-10\/IL-10R1 signaling","volume":"66","author":"Tao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2207.07017","article-title":"Thymol ameliorates aspergillus fumigatus keratitis by downregulating the TLR4\/ MyD88\/ NF-kB\/ IL-1\u03b2 signal expression and reducing necroptosis and pyroptosis","volume":"33","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003524","article-title":"Synergistic induction of CXCL9 and CXCL11 by toll-like receptor ligands and interferon-gamma in fibroblasts correlates with elevated levels of CXCR3 ligands in septic arthritis synovial fluids","volume":"75","author":"Proost","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-10-148","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signaling adapter proteins govern spread of neuropathic pain and recovery following nerve injury in male mice","volume":"10","author":"Stokes","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5856","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501634102","article-title":"The CNS role of toll-like receptor 4 in innate neuroimmunity and painful neuropathy","volume":"102","author":"Tanga","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.141","article-title":"Necroptosis in microglia contributes to neuroinflammation and retinal degeneration through TLR4 activation","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23501","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11990-8","article-title":"Protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced toxicity in rat liver","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.11.031","article-title":"Localization of CGRP, CGRP receptor, PACAP and glutamate in trigeminal ganglion. relation to the blood-brain barrier","volume":"1600","author":"Eftekhari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13529","article-title":"CGRP and the trigeminal system in migraine","volume":"59","author":"Iyengar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.616","article-title":"CGRP receptor blockade by MK-8825 alleviates allodynia in infraorbital nerve-ligated rats","volume":"19","author":"Michot","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.487","article-title":"The vanilloid receptor: a molecular gateway to the pain pathway","volume":"24","author":"Caterina","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00067-2","article-title":"VR1, but not P2X3, increases in the spared L4 DRG in rats with L5 spinal nerve ligation","volume":"99","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-7-94","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes cellular changes in trigeminal neurons and glia implicated in peripheral and central sensitization","volume":"7","author":"Cady","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14062","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3795-08.2008","article-title":"Nociceptors are interleukin-1\u03b2 sensors","volume":"28","author":"Binshtok","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666181001104550","article-title":"A review: the anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antibacterial properties of four kinds of licorice flavonoids isolated from licorice","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1124\/molpharm.122.000658","article-title":"Licochalcone mediates the pain relief by targeting the voltage-gated Sodium Channel","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0160-8","article-title":"Biomolecular network-based synergistic drug combination discovery: a combination of paeoniflorin and liquiritin alleviates neuropathic pain by inhibiting neuroinflammation via suppressing the chemokine signaling pathway","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61969-1","article-title":"Effects of palmatine on BDNF\/TrkB-mediated trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15450","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3859-11.2011","article-title":"Spinal cord toll-like receptor 4 mediates inflammatory and neuropathic hypersensitivity in male but not female mice","volume":"31","author":"Sorge","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0135","article-title":"OTULIN\u2019S influence on neuroinflammation and pain modulation in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2024-2517","article-title":"Effects of morphine on conditioned place preference and pain are independent of uptake-2","volume":"84","author":"Souri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0145","article-title":"TCMSP: a database of systems pharmacology for drug discovery from herbal medicines","volume":"6","author":"Ru","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1650-20.2020","article-title":"The neuroimmunology of chronic pain: from rodents to humans","volume":"41","author":"Grace","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2018.2","article-title":"Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Inoue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00436","article-title":"Liquiritin alleviates pain through inhibiting CXCL1\/CXCR2 signaling pathway in bone Cancer pain rat","volume":"11","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13275","article-title":"Stress\/cell death pathways, neuroinflammation, and neuropathic pain","volume":"321","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2023.05.008","article-title":"Cannabidiol alleviates neuroinflammation and attenuates neuropathic pain via targeting FKBP5","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0175","first-page":"199","article-title":"Pain-resolving immune mechanisms in neuropathic pain","volume":"19","author":"Fiore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13128","article-title":"CXCL12\/CXCR4 signaling contributes to neuropathic pain via central sensitization mechanisms in a rat spinal nerve ligation model","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14060","article-title":"Ferulic acid alleviates sciatica by inhibiting neuroinflammation and promoting nerve repair via the TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154540","article-title":"Frankincense-myrrh treatment alleviates neuropathic pain via the inhibition of neuroglia activation mediated by the TLR4\/MyD88 pathway and TRPV1 signaling","volume":"108","author":"Liao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8159","article-title":"Correction to \"Stigmasterol regulates microglial M1\/M2 polarization via the TLR4\/NF-kappaB pathway to alleviate neuropathic pain\"","volume":"38","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235917","article-title":"Electroacupuncture alleviates paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathic pain in rats via suppressing TLR4 signaling and TRPV1 upregulation in sensory neurons","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13740","article-title":"Chronic pregabalin treatment decreases excitability of dentate gyrus and accelerates maturation of adult-born granule cells","volume":"140","author":"Lempel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0210","first-page":"63","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"52","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"No Shinkei Geka"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02721-0","article-title":"Regulatory T cells alleviate myelin loss and cognitive dysfunction by regulating neuroinflammation and microglial pyroptosis via TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-kappaB pathway in LPC-induced demyelination","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14060","article-title":"Ferulic acid alleviates sciatica by inhibiting neuroinflammation and promoting nerve repair via the TLR4\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02721-0","article-title":"Regulatory T cells alleviate myelin loss and cognitive dysfunction by regulating neuroinflammation and microglial pyroptosis via TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway in LPC-induced demyelination","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926003991?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926003991?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:59:23Z","timestamp":1776164363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576926003991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S1567576926003991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Liquiritin attenuates IONI-induced trigeminal neuropathic pain via TLR4\/MyD88-dependent modulation of microglial M1-like polarization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116554","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116554"}}