{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:32:31Z","timestamp":1792582351990,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T02:57:36Z","timestamp":1774839456000},"page":"116557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The immunomodulatory metabolite butyrate ameliorates renal fibrosis by restoring gut barrier integrity and suppressing the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 pathway"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"178","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liu Sheng","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"De Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"395","author":"Bikbov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01379-7","article-title":"Kidney fibrosis: from mechanisms to therapeutic medicines","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-022516-034227","article-title":"Mechanisms of renal fibrosis","volume":"80","author":"Humphreys","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.48","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2: the master regulator of fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.7.1056","article-title":"Diverse roles of TGF-\u03b2\/Smads in renal fibrosis and inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Lan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1897-5","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 orchestrates fibrogenic and developmental EMTs via the RAS effector RREB1","volume":"577","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0035","article-title":"Pediatric and adult point of view on the gut-kidney axis in CKD","author":"Holle","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2020.12.001","article-title":"Microphysiological systems to recapitulate the gut\u2013kidney axis","volume":"39","author":"Giordano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00647-z","article-title":"Gut microbiome studies in CKD: opportunities, pitfalls and therapeutic potential","volume":"19","author":"Krukowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030176","article-title":"Microbiome in chronic kidney disease (CKD): an omics perspective","volume":"14","author":"Lohia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.041","article-title":"From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites","volume":"165","author":"Koh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0065","series-title":"Gut Microbial Metabolites SCFAs and Chronic Kidney Disease","author":"He","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2024.13241","article-title":"Puerariae lobatae radix ameliorates chronic kidney disease by reshaping gut microbiota and downregulating wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"30","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.044","article-title":"Chemically induced mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Wirtz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01443-4","article-title":"Perturbed gut microbiome and fecal and serum metabolomes are associated with chronic kidney disease severity","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19399","article-title":"Anti-nociceptive effect of faecalibacterium prausnitzii in non-inflammatory IBS-like models","volume":"6","author":"Miquel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/bjbs.2023.10794","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii improves lipid metabolism disorder and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"80","author":"Xuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0100","first-page":"573","article-title":"The intestinal barrier: a pivotal role in health, inflammation, and cancer, the lancet","volume":"10","author":"Neurath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071775","article-title":"Butyrate and the intestinal epithelium: modulation of proliferation and inflammation in homeostasis and disease","volume":"10","author":"Salvi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2287129","article-title":"Sodium butyrate improves mitochondrial function and kidney tissue injury in diabetic kidney disease via the AMPK\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway","volume":"45","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05120-0","article-title":"Sestrin2 remedies podocyte injury via orchestrating TSP-1\/TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 axis in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2147083","article-title":"Exploration of the mechanism of NORAD activation of TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 through miR-136-5p and promotion of tacrolimus-induced renal fibrosis","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0125","article-title":"METTL3 potentiates m2 macrophage-driven MMT to aggravate renal allograft fibrosis via the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 pathway","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0130","article-title":"The HDAC inhibitor butyrate impairs \u03b2 cell function and activates the disallowed gene hexokinase i","volume":"22","author":"Bridgeman","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","article-title":"Butyrate: a double-edged sword for health?","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.05.047","article-title":"Inside HDACs with more selective HDAC inhibitors","volume":"121","author":"Roche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2336128","article-title":"Adenine-induced animal model of chronic kidney disease: current applications and future perspectives","volume":"46","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.07.048","article-title":"Conceptual model of CKD: applications and implications","volume":"53","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926004029?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926004029?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T02:05:31Z","timestamp":1776132331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576926004029"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S1567576926004029"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The immunomodulatory metabolite butyrate ameliorates renal fibrosis by restoring gut barrier integrity and suppressing the TGF-\u03b21\/Smad3 pathway","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116557","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116557"}}