{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:53:36Z","timestamp":1791237216174,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":177,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,19]],"date-time":"2026-04-19T13:17:06Z","timestamp":1776604626000},"page":"116657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Leptin-driven microglial activation in fibromyalgia: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Noha Magdy","family":"Abdelrheem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha A.E.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed F.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heba Nasr","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nesrine S.","family":"El Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15020206","article-title":"Neuroinflammatory and immunological aspects of fibromyalgia","volume":"15","author":"Findeisen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"issue":"11S","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S50","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003305","article-title":"The concept of nociplastic pain\u2014where to from here?","volume":"165","author":"Kosek","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15430","article-title":"Central sensitivity and fibromyalgia","volume":"51","author":"Mezhov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140","article-title":"The American college of rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity","volume":"62","author":"Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1252","article-title":"Comorbid fibromyalgia: a qualitative review of prevalence and importance","volume":"22","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107959","article-title":"Animal models of fibromyalgia: what is the best choice?","volume":"230","author":"Brum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI144201","article-title":"Passive transfer of fibromyalgia symptoms from patients to mice","volume":"131","author":"Goebel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ghir.2024.101606","article-title":"Association of circulating leptin, growth hormone, and ghrelin with fibromyalgia: a meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Growth Hormon. IGF Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare13020142","article-title":"Journey of hope for patients with fibromyalgia: from diagnosis to self-management\u2014a qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"Aldarwesh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-00506-w","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: An update on clinical characteristics, aetiopathogenesis and treatment","volume":"16","author":"Sarzi-Puttini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023.175810","article-title":"Targeting \u03b17-nAChR by galantamine mitigates reserpine-induced fibromyalgia-like symptoms in rats: involvement of cAMP\/PKA, PI3K\/AKT, and M1\/M2 microglia polarization","volume":"952","author":"Atta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20230240","article-title":"The relationship between serum leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 levels and clinical parameters in primary fibromyalgia patients","volume":"69","author":"Atamer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2006.01543.x","article-title":"Counterbalance between leptin and cortisol may be associated with fibromyalgia","volume":"60","author":"Fietta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5887","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165887","article-title":"Role of leptin in inflammation and vice versa","volume":"21","author":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14744\/nci.2017.31644","article-title":"The relations between serum leptin level with disease activity and inflammatory markers in fibromyalgia patients","author":"Atao\u011flu","year":"2017","journal-title":"North. Clin. Istanbul"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-020-02180-1","article-title":"Leptin contributes to neuropathic pain via extrasynaptic NMDAR-nNOS activation","volume":"58","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI36785","article-title":"Spinal leptin contributes to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in rodents","author":"Lim","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002130","article-title":"Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain","volume":"129","author":"Ji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/s25082618","article-title":"Combined proxies for heart rate variability as a global tool to assess and monitor autonomic dysregulation in fibromyalgia and disease-related impairments","volume":"25","author":"Ladisa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083891","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: pathogenesis, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment options update","volume":"22","author":"Siracusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0110","series-title":"Discussions of Unusual Topics in Fibromyalgia","article-title":"The role of oxidants\/antioxidants, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy in fibromyalgia","author":"Miranda-D\u00edaz","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6007","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S545420","article-title":"Microglias phenotypic heterogeneity in pain pathogenesis and electroacupuncture analgesia: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"18","author":"Ji","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.09.018","article-title":"Brain glial activation in fibromyalgia \u2013 a multi-site positron emission tomography investigation","volume":"75","author":"Albrecht","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.08.016","article-title":"Leptin is essential for microglial activation and neuropathic pain after preganglionic cervical root avulsion","volume":"187","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2021.101098","article-title":"Regulation of hippocampal synaptic function by the metabolic hormone leptin: implications for health and disease","volume":"82","author":"Irving","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01409-0","article-title":"Modulating neuroplasticity for chronic pain relief: noninvasive neuromodulation as a promising approach","volume":"57","author":"Jayathilake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S182406","article-title":"Leptin resistance: underlying mechanisms and diagnosis","volume":"12","author":"Gruzdeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes.: Targets Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.4320","article-title":"Chronic sleep fragmentation during the sleep period induces hypothalamic endoplasmic reticulum stress and PTP1b-mediated leptin resistance in male mice","volume":"38","author":"Hakim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-019-0076-y","article-title":"Responsiveness of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to leptin is impaired in diet-induced obese rats","volume":"9","author":"Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2726","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12232726","article-title":"The role of cortisol in chronic stress, neurodegenerative diseases, and psychological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Knezevic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0160","series-title":"HPA Axis and Sleep","author":"Nicolaides","year":"2000"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.11.995","article-title":"Dose-dependent cortisol-induced increases in plasma leptin concentration in healthy humans","volume":"55","author":"Newcomer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000514095","article-title":"The role of sleep curtailment on leptin levels in obesity and diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Mosavat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1638568","article-title":"A leptin-based Bayesian inference of a pro-satiety state reflects a basal circadian rhythm in women with obesity","volume":"16","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"06","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1463-2253","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical significance of metabolic syndrome in fibromyalgia patients","volume":"46","author":"Yahia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aktuelle Rheumatologie"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0185","first-page":"2422","article-title":"Hippocampal leptin resistance and cognitive decline: mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Valladolid-Acebes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Therap. Strat. Clin. Implic. Biomed."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0167-9","article-title":"Sex differences in the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis response to stress: an important role for gonadal hormones","volume":"44","author":"Heck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa128","article-title":"Role of ovarian hormones in the modulation of sleep in females across the adult lifespan","volume":"161","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.02.004","article-title":"Estradiol regulates leptin sensitivity to control feeding via hypothalamic cited1","volume":"35","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2602","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae149","article-title":"Classification of congenital leptin deficiency","volume":"109","author":"von Schnurbein","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.585887","article-title":"Leptin and obesity: role and clinical implication","volume":"12","author":"Obradovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varkaneh Kord, H., M. Tinsley, G., O. Santos, H., Zand, H., Nazary, A., Fatahi, S., Mokhtari, Z., Salehi-sahlabadi, A., Tan, S. C., Rahmani, J., Gaman, M.-A., Sathian, B., Sadeghi, A., Hatami, B., Soltanieh, S., Aghamiri, S., Bawadi, H., & Hekmatdoost, A. (2021). The influence of fasting and energy-restricted diets on leptin and adiponectin levels in humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Nutr., 40(4), 1811\u20131821. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.034.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.10.034"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1477-5","article-title":"Benefits of resistance exercise in lean women with fibromyalgia: involvement of IGF-1 and leptin","volume":"18","author":"Bjersing","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.04.021","article-title":"Leptin concentrations in response to acute stress predict subsequent intake of comfort foods","volume":"107","author":"Tomiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.9.6291","article-title":"A regulatory loop between the Hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and circulating leptin: a physiological role of ACTH","volume":"139","author":"Spinedi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/1880-6805-33-15","article-title":"Leptin and leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and their association with plasma leptin levels and obesity in a multi-ethnic Malaysian suburban population","volume":"33","author":"Fan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07473-5","article-title":"Sex steroid hormones regulate leptin transcript accumulation and protein secretion in 3T3-L1 cells","volume":"7","author":"Jenks","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1010-1097","article-title":"A historical perspective on leptin","volume":"16","author":"Coleman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"6505","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0","article-title":"Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-9781(96)00025-3","article-title":"Leptin enters the brain by a saturable system independent of insulin","volume":"17","author":"Banks","year":"1996","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.352550.124","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms and neural mediators of leptin action","volume":"39","author":"Bodur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00828","article-title":"The effects of leptin on glial cells in neurological diseases","volume":"13","author":"Fujita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2022-0017","article-title":"Leptin signaling and leptin resistance","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"issue":"000","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"000","DOI":"10.14218\/GE.2024.00039","article-title":"Leptin signaling and its relationship with obesity-induced insulin resistance: a bioinformatics-assisted review","volume":"000","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene Expr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069241261940","article-title":"Role of ERK in gender difference of fibromyalgia pain","volume":"20","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806918767508","article-title":"Synergistic activation of ERK1\/2 between a-fiber neurons and glial cells in the DRG contributes to pain hypersensitivity after tissue injury","volume":"14","author":"Yamakita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2013.1347","article-title":"Activation of spinal ERK1\/2 contributes to mechanical allodynia in a rat model of postoperative pain","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242015151","article-title":"Leptin promotes the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells through the cooperative action of MAPK\/ERK1\/2, JAK2\/STAT3 and PI3K\/AKT signaling pathways","volume":"24","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.1292","article-title":"Leptin-induced IL-6 production is mediated by leptin receptor, insulin receptor substrate-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, NF-\u03baB, and p300 pathway in microglia","volume":"179","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e238","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2011.125","article-title":"Neuroprotection by leptin in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia: effects on STAT3 phosphorylation in discrete cells of the brain","volume":"2","author":"Amantea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035594","article-title":"Acute leptin treatment enhances functional recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"7","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Martos","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156284","article-title":"Obesity and its chronic inflammation as pain potentiation factor in rats with osteoarthritis","volume":"169","author":"Tamborena Malheiros","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5509","article-title":"Association of leptin with body pain in women","volume":"25","author":"Younger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2009.11.003","article-title":"Leptin modulates cell morphology and cytokine release in microglia","volume":"24","author":"Lafrance","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0505","article-title":"Microglia exhibit distinct heterogeneity rather than M1\/M2 polarization within the early stage of acute ischemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-023-01216-x","article-title":"Microglia polarization in nociplastic pain: mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Atta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9081019","article-title":"Serum leptin and resistin levels in knee osteoarthritis\u2014clinical and radiologic links: towards precise definition of metabolic type knee osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Lambova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06773-4","article-title":"Associations between chronic widespread pain, pressure pain thresholds, leptin, and metabolic factors in individuals with knee pain","volume":"24","author":"Andersson","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet. Disord."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2024.07.016","article-title":"Association of serum biomarkers with radiographic knee osteoarthritis, knee pain and function in a young, male, trauma-exposed population \u2013 findings from the ADVANCE study","volume":"32","author":"O\u2019Sullivan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5235","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S431026","article-title":"Leptin induces MMP-1 expression through the RhoA\/ERK1\/2\/NF-\u03baB axis in human intervertebral disc cartilage endplate-derived stem cells","volume":"16","author":"Hua","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.70095","article-title":"Plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in an observational chronic low back pain cohort","volume":"8","author":"Enrico","year":"2025","journal-title":"JOR SPINE"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70007","article-title":"Does leptin and insulin levels influence pain and disability in subjects with frozen shoulder? A cross-sectional study","volume":"29","author":"P\u00e9rez-Montilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314503","article-title":"Sex differences in neuropathy: the paradigmatic case of MetFormin","volume":"23","author":"De Angelis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102959","article-title":"Clinical features and disease activity in psoriatic arthritis: a sex-related perspective on leptin and comorbidity","volume":"13","author":"Toledano","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530322666220701100817","article-title":"The effects of nano-curcumin supplementation on leptin and adiponectin in migraine patients: A double-blind clinical trial study from gene expression to clinical symptoms","volume":"23","author":"Sedighiyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002625","article-title":"Fatigue and pain severity in gulf war illness is associated with changes in inflammatory cytokines and positive acute phase proteins","volume":"64","author":"Hodgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6290693","article-title":"Serum leptin as a marker for severity of endometriosis","volume":"2020","author":"Hussein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000003428","article-title":"Leptin enhances m1 macrophage polarization and impairs tendon-bone healing in rotator cuff repair: a rat model","volume":"483","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.62347\/NEOQ3253","article-title":"Combination of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and ibuprofen to reduce pain in femoral head necrosis","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34791","article-title":"Cancer-related fatigue: towards a more targeted approach based on classification by biomarkers and psychological factors","volume":"154","author":"Schmidt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03463-x","article-title":"High leptin levels in blood are associated with chronic widespread pain in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Aronsson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2014.08.004","article-title":"Physiology of leptin: energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine function and metabolism","volume":"64","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20131176","article-title":"Insulin-stimulated leptin secretion requires calcium and PI3K\/Akt activation","volume":"458","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icad119","article-title":"Minireview: Glucocorticoid\u2013Leptin crosstalk: role of glucocorticoid\u2013leptin counterregulation in metabolic homeostasis and normal development","volume":"63","author":"Paul","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr. Comp. Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0430","first-page":"2075","article-title":"Leptin secretion in cushings syndrome: preservation of diurnal rhythm and absent response to Corticotropin-releasing hormone","volume":"84","author":"Weise","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.2337\/db10-0128","article-title":"Leptin directly depolarizes preproglucagon neurons in the nucleus Tractus solitarius","volume":"59","author":"Hisadome","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1338","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00021.2013","article-title":"Leptin-sensitive sensory nerves innervate white fat","volume":"304","author":"Murphy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.679078","article-title":"TRPC1\/5-CaV3 complex mediates leptin-induced excitability in hypothalamic neurons","volume":"15","author":"Perissinotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0450","first-page":"R2136","article-title":"Electrophysiological study on the effects of leptin in rat dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus","volume":"292","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Regul. Integr. Comp. Phys."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3182","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-268300","article-title":"Transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 channel regulates diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and leptin resistance","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1251061","article-title":"A journey from molecule to physiology and in silico tools for drug discovery targeting the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel","volume":"14","author":"Amaya-Rodriguez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04559.x","article-title":"Leptin induces interleukin-1\u03b2 release from rat microglial cells through a caspase 1 independent mechanism","volume":"102","author":"Pinteaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.01.054","article-title":"Leptin enhances NMDA-induced spinal excitation in rats: a functional link between adipocytokine and neuropathic pain","volume":"152","author":"Tian","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.543331","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 induced cytokine expression by spinal astrocytes can play a role in the maintenance of chronic inflammatory pain","volume":"11","author":"Gajtk\u00f3","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.08.004","article-title":"Spinal interleukin-6 contributes to central sensitisation and persistent pain hypersensitivity in a model of juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"90","author":"Kwok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0836-4","article-title":"PKM2 is involved in neuropathic pain by regulating ERK and STAT3 activation in rat spinal cord","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e525","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.54","article-title":"Minocycline selectively inhibits m1 polarization of microglia","volume":"4","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12029","article-title":"Microglia and monocytes synergistically promote the transition from acute to chronic pain after nerve injury","volume":"7","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.878987","article-title":"Microglial priming in infections and its risk to neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"16","author":"Lima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002927","article-title":"Evidence of neuroinflammation in fibromyalgia syndrome: A [18F]DPA-714 positron emission tomography study","volume":"164","author":"Mueller","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.07.150","article-title":"The translocator protein gene is associated with symptom severity and cerebral pain processing in fibromyalgia","volume":"58","author":"Kosek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.173","article-title":"Orexin-A and endocannabinoid activation of the descending antinociceptive pathway underlies altered pain perception in leptin signaling deficiency","volume":"41","author":"Cristino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03795-8","article-title":"Musical therapy attenuates neuroma pain by modifying leptin expression","volume":"22","author":"Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Complementary Med. Ther."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9854","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25189854","article-title":"Cell-type-specific expression of leptin receptors in the mouse forebrain","volume":"25","author":"Canepa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112745","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity in the pain-related cingulate and insular cortex","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108052","article-title":"Amygdala, neuropeptides, and chronic pain-related affective behaviors","volume":"170","author":"Neugebauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22025","article-title":"Leptin targets in the mouse brain","volume":"514","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.52142\/omujecm.38.3.24","article-title":"The effect of intra-amygdalar leptin administration on anxiety, depression and learning behaviors in rats","volume":"38","author":"Soyturk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0550","article-title":"Brain signatures of nociplastic pain: fibromyalgia index and descending modulation at population level","author":"Kelleher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/01.anes.0000264769.87038.55","article-title":"Central sensitization","volume":"106","author":"Woolf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2013-1332","article-title":"Leptin induces hippocampal synaptogenesis via CREB-regulated MicroRNA-132 suppression of p250GAP","volume":"28","author":"Dhar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14010052","article-title":"The neuronal actions of leptin and the implications for treating Alzheimers disease","volume":"14","author":"Hamilton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122649","article-title":"Central leptin signaling deficiency induced by leptin receptor antagonist leads to hypothalamic proteomic remodeling","volume":"346","author":"Mazuecos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00922-0","article-title":"Leptin regulates exon-specific transcription of the bdnf gene via epigenetic modifications mediated by an AKT\/p300 HAT cascade","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-018-01063-6","article-title":"Relationship of leptin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor levels with body mass index and disease severity in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"120","author":"Koca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-2988-0","article-title":"Hyperleptinemia independent of body adiposity in women with fibromyalgia","volume":"34","author":"Homann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00296.x","article-title":"Acylated ghrelin: a potential marker for fibromyalgia?","volume":"17","author":"Homann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/350654","article-title":"Evaluation of leptin levels among fibromyalgia patients before and after three months of treatment, in comparison with healthy controls","volume":"17","author":"Ablin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12155","article-title":"Serum leptin in Egyptian patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: relation to disease severity","volume":"16","author":"Olama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1590\/2359-3997000000248","article-title":"Serum levels of leptin and adiponectin and clinical parameters in women with fibromyalgia and overweight\/obesity","volume":"61","author":"Paiva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/627041","article-title":"Smoking is associated with reduced leptin and neuropeptide y levels and higher pain experience in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"2014","author":"Bokarewa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13231986","article-title":"The antinociceptive effects and sex-specific neurotransmitter modulation of metformin in a mouse model of fibromyalgia","volume":"13","author":"AboTaleb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2928","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003203","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) in fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"87","author":"Nazir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-0917","article-title":"Metformin restores leptin sensitivity in high-fat\u2013fed obese rats with leptin resistance","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa204","article-title":"The importance of leptin to reproduction","volume":"162","author":"Childs","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.5114\/reum.2021.106908","article-title":"Prevalence of fibromyalgia in medical students and its association with lifestyle factors \u2013 a cross-sectional study","volume":"59","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0645","first-page":"R566","article-title":"Selective leptin resistance revisited","volume":"305","author":"Mark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Regul. Integr. Comp. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20653","article-title":"Association of body mass index with symptom severity and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0011376","article-title":"Hyperleptinemia is required for the development of leptin resistance","volume":"5","author":"Knight","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.106","article-title":"Soluble leptin receptor and soluble receptor-bound fraction of leptin in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Sandhofer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"issue":"08","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1253422","article-title":"Leptin, soluble leptin receptors, free leptin index, and their relationship with insulin resistance and BMI: high normal BMI is the threshold for serum leptin increase in humans","volume":"42","author":"Owecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(99)00139-4","article-title":"Impaired transport of leptin across the blood-brain barrier in obesity\u2606","volume":"20","author":"Banks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.04.008","article-title":"Time-resolved hypothalamic open flow micro-perfusion reveals normal leptin transport across the blood\u2013brain barrier in leptin resistant mice","volume":"13","author":"Kleinert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"issue":"9021","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)03173-X","article-title":"Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid\/serum leptin ratio in obesity: A possible mechanism for leptin resistance","volume":"348","author":"Caro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0625","article-title":"Identification and saturable nature of signaling pathways induced by metreleptin in humans: comparative evaluation of in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro administration","volume":"64","author":"Moon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.06.010","article-title":"Enhanced leptin sensitivity and improved glucose homeostasis in mice lacking suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 in POMC-expressing cells","volume":"4","author":"Kievit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-11-93","article-title":"Daily cytokine fluctuations, driven by leptin, are associated with fatigue severity in chronic fatigue syndrome: evidence of inflammatory pathology","volume":"11","author":"Stringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990016","article-title":"Role of c reactive protein (CRP) in leptin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Hribal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0047493","article-title":"Regulation of insulin and leptin signaling by muscle suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3)","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3404","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11123404","article-title":"Fibromyalgia syndrome and cognitive decline: the role of body mass index and clinical symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Mu\u00f1oz Ladr\u00f3n de Guevara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0715","first-page":"R306","article-title":"Effects of central and systemic administration of leptin on neurotransmitter concentrations in specific areas of the hypothalamus","volume":"290","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Regul. Integr. Comp. Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1159\/000054557","article-title":"Centrally administered murine-leptin stimulates the hypothalamus-pituitary- adrenal axis through arginine-vasopressin","volume":"71","author":"Morimoto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.10.023","article-title":"Leptin dysregulation is specifically associated with major depression with atypical features: evidence for a mechanism connecting obesity and depression","volume":"81","author":"Milaneschi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19886-x","article-title":"The antidepressant fluoxetine acts on energy balance and leptin sensitivity via BDNF","volume":"8","author":"Scabia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05892-6","article-title":"Leptin a potential link between obesity and depression","volume":"82","author":"Hontecilla-Prieto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"issue":"Supplement_1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcae070.534","article-title":"Significance of inflammatory markers in primary fibromyalgia syndrome and their relation in assessing the disease severity","volume":"117","author":"Mohamed El-sawy","year":"2024","journal-title":"QJM: Int. J. Med."},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead104.135","article-title":"P094 prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"62","author":"Salman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417720213","article-title":"Role of adipocytokines in the pathophysiology of migraine: a cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12819","article-title":"Elevated leptin levels in temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis promote proinflammatory cytokine <scp>IL<\/scp> \u22126 expression in synovial fibroblasts","volume":"48","author":"Xiong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i1.46","article-title":"Increased intestinal mucosal leptin levels in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0422fje","article-title":"Colonic leptin: source of a novel pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Sitaraman","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.25546","article-title":"Comparative localization of colorectal sensory afferent central projections in the mouse spinal cord dorsal horn and caudal medulla dorsal vagal complex","volume":"532","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2007.09.003","article-title":"Central sensitivity syndromes: A new paradigm and group nosology for fibromyalgia and overlapping conditions, and the related issue of disease versus illness","volume":"37","author":"Yunus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S66521","article-title":"New advances in the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy: role of metreleptin","author":"Paz-Filho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214554110","article-title":"Selective capacity of metreleptin administration to reconstitute CD4 + T-cell number in females with acquired hypoleptinemia","volume":"110","author":"Matarese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R36","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr2321","article-title":"Leptin-signaling inhibition results in efficient anti-tumor activity in estrogen receptor positive or negative breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Rene Gonzalez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0795","first-page":"R1254","article-title":"Central overexpression of leptin antagonist reduces wheel running and underscores importance of endogenous leptin receptor activity in energy homeostasis","volume":"297","author":"Matheny","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Regul. Integr. Comp. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0800","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.92166","article-title":"Janus kinase inhibitors as emerging therapy in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a narrative review of efficacy, safety, and future perspective","author":"Barsoum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0805","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrington, R., Al Nokhatha, S. A., & Conway, R. (2020). <p>JAK inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: An evidence-based review on the emerging clinical data<\/p>. J. Inflamm. Res., Volume 13, 519\u2013531. Doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S219586.","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S219586"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0810","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0515","article-title":"Targeting the JAK2\/STAT3 signaling pathway for chronic pain","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2004.01.007","article-title":"MAPK activation in nociceptive neurons and pain hypersensitivity","volume":"74","author":"Obata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0820","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.04.005","article-title":"Clinical trial of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor dilmapimod in neuropathic pain following nerve injury","volume":"15","author":"Anand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4279","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S69546","article-title":"Emerging treatment options to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome: focus on losmapimod","author":"Melloni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0830","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e711","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001672","article-title":"Delayed mitogen-activated protein kinase\/extracellular signal\u2013regulated kinase inhibition by trametinib attenuates systemic inflammatory responses and multiple organ injury in murine sepsis*","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0835","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288757","article-title":"JAK-inhibitors and risk on serious viral infection, venous thromboembolism and cardiac events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a protocol for a prevalent new-user cohort study using the Danish nationwide DANBIO register","volume":"18","author":"Faquetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4410","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-0013","article-title":"Tumor-targeted synergistic blockade of MAPK and PI3K from a layer-by-layer nanoparticle","volume":"21","author":"Dreaden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0845","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.6082-20","article-title":"Oral minocycline therapy improves symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis, especially in the initial disease stage","volume":"60","author":"Miwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2517-2","article-title":"The use of low-dose naltrexone (LDN) as a novel anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic pain","volume":"33","author":"Younger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0855","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0358-x","article-title":"IL1R1 is required for celastrol\u2019s leptin-sensitization and antiobesity effects","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4490","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134490","article-title":"Exercise and weight management: the role of leptin\u2014a systematic review and update of clinical data from 2000\u20132022","volume":"12","author":"de Assis","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5762","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1003","article-title":"Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin","volume":"89","author":"Spiegel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0870","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2704","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112704","article-title":"Leptin, obesity, and leptin resistance: where are we 25 years later?","volume":"11","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0875","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.22","article-title":"Fibromyalgia","volume":"1","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aet127","article-title":"Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings","volume":"111","author":"Bartley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657_bb0885","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7877","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217877","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: recent advances in diagnosis, classification, pharmacotherapy and alternative remedies","volume":"21","author":"Maffei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926005023?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926005023?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:21:22Z","timestamp":1777591282000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576926005023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":177,"alternative-id":["S1567576926005023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Leptin-driven microglial activation in fibromyalgia: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116657","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116657"}}