{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:28:58Z","timestamp":1793158138523,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T06:17:33Z","timestamp":1780813053000},"page":"116964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles as autonomous regulators of host immunity and gut\u2013organ axes: Cellular mechanisms of cross-kingdom communication in inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingzhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313166","article-title":"Gut microbiota extracellular vesicles as signaling molecules mediating host-microbiota communications","volume":"22","author":"Sultan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032071","article-title":"An overview of inter-tissue and inter-kingdom communication mediated by extracellular vesicles in the regulation of mammalian metabolism","volume":"24","author":"Casta\u00f1o","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20225695","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles-connecting kingdoms","volume":"20","author":"Woith","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168722","article-title":"Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicle as emerging actors in host interactions","volume":"25","author":"Margutti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514726","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1514726","article-title":"Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: current knowledge, gaps, and challenges in precision nutrition","volume":"16","author":"Marquez-Paradas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00433-20","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle biogenesis and functions in gram-positive Bacteria","volume":"88","author":"Briaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4751","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb46050286","article-title":"The emerging role of human gut Bacteria extracellular vesicles in mental disorders and developing new pharmaceuticals","volume":"46","author":"Louka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123750","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles: exploring the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"376","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.05.028","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles: bridging pathogen biology and therapeutic innovation","volume":"200","author":"Moghaddam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-023-00543-2","article-title":"Emerging role of bacterial outer membrane vesicle in gastrointestinal tract","volume":"15","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0055","first-page":"1087","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in inter-kingdom communication in gastrointestinal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01102-8","article-title":"Impact of probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles on livestock gut barrier function","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of animal science and biotechnology."},{"issue":"7521","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13683","article-title":"Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS","volume":"514","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.015","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles mediate cytosolic localization of LPS and Caspase-11 activation","volume":"165","author":"Vanaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12161","article-title":"Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles in interkingdom communication in the gut","volume":"10","author":"D\u00edaz-Garrido","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13412","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901575R","article-title":"Extracellular RNAs in periodontopathogenic outer membrane vesicles promote TNF-\u03b1 production in human macrophages and cross the blood-brain barrier in mice","volume":"33","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2541036","article-title":"Diarrheal microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles drive intestinal homeostasis dysfunction via miR-125b\/NF-\u03baB-mediated macrophage polarization","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2379633","article-title":"CRIg+ macrophages deficiency enhanced inflammation damage in IBD due to gut extracellular vesicles containing microbial DNA","volume":"16","author":"Nie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076520","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles derived from gut microbiota, especially Akkermansia muciniphila, protect the progression of dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020442","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived small extracellular vesicles endorse memory-like inflammatory responses in murine neutrophils","volume":"10","author":"Lajqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.777147","article-title":"Effect of extracellular vesicles derived from lactobacillus plantarum Q7 on gut microbiota and ulcerative colitis in mice","volume":"12","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103319","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG derived extracellular vesicles modulate gut microbiota and attenuate inflammatory in DSS-induced colitis mice","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24044089","article-title":"The gut-organ-Axis concept: advances the application of gut-on-Chip Technology","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.70022","article-title":"HLF and PPAR\u03b1 axis regulates metabolic-associated fatty liver disease through extracellular vesicles derived from the intestinal microbiota","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-022-00350-6","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiome-derived metabolites and extracellular vesicles on hepatocyte functions in a gut-liver axis chip","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano convergence."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193066","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles from Escherichia coli strains of the gut microbiota trigger hepatic antioxidant and anti-Lipogenic effects via the gut-liver Axis in healthy neonatal rats","volume":"17","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Ruiz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12474","article-title":"Characterisation of LPS+ bacterial extracellular vesicles along the gut-hepatic portal vein-liver axis","volume":"13","author":"Jain","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108152","article-title":"Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate cholestatic liver damage via gut-liver axis","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2026.108184","article-title":"Gut microbial extracellular vesicles modulate the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis through the gut-liver axis","author":"Kwak","year":"2026","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003","article-title":"The brain-gut-microbiome Axis","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202000540","article-title":"Bacterial extracellular vesicles and the gut-microbiota brain Axis: emerging roles in communication and potential as therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Pirolli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Advanced biology."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-021-00837-6","article-title":"Effects of gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles on obesity and diabetes and their potential modulation through diet","volume":"78","author":"D\u00edez-Sainz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084235","article-title":"Role of microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles in gut-brain communication","volume":"22","author":"Cuesta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238899","article-title":"A budding relationship: bacterial extracellular vesicles in the microbiota-gut-brain Axis","volume":"21","author":"Haas-Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911245","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain Axis in psychiatric disorders","volume":"23","author":"G\u00f3ralczyk-Bi\u0144kowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-10097-4","article-title":"The emerging roles of neuroactive components produced by gut microbiota","volume":"52","author":"Dezfouli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70059","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles influence alcohol intake preferences in rats","volume":"14","author":"D\u00edaz-Ubilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.623039","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles in neuroinflammation","volume":"8","author":"Marostica","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13853","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b04397","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles breach the intact blood-brain barrier via transcytosis","volume":"13","author":"Morad","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79019-5","article-title":"Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles disrupt the blood-brain barrier endothelium following high-frequency irreversible electroporation","volume":"14","author":"Murphy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2501193","article-title":"The gut-brain axis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease is shaped by commensal gut microbiota derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"17","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-03017-y","article-title":"Probiotics alleviate chronic ethanol exposure-induced anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation in male mice through gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"22","author":"Pei","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40580-024-00413-w","article-title":"Effect of gut microbiota-derived metabolites and extracellular vesicles on neurodegenerative disease in a gut-brain axis chip","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nano convergence."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011743","article-title":"Periodontitis promotes bacterial extracellular vesicle-induced neuroinflammation in the brain and trigeminal ganglion","volume":"19","author":"Ha","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15491","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16161","article-title":"Brain targeting bacterial extracellular vesicles enhance ischemic stroke therapy via efficient ROS elimination and suppression of immune infiltration","volume":"19","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2025.02.010","article-title":"Regulatory roles of extracellular vesicles in pregnancy complications","volume":"78","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.043","article-title":"Communication by extracellular vesicles: where we are and where we need to go","volume":"164","author":"Tkach","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5558048","article-title":"Role of extracellular vesicles in placental inflammation and local immune balance","volume":"2021","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13074","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and immune response during pregnancy: a balancing act","volume":"308","author":"Morelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"issue":"4 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.001","article-title":"Placental exosomes in normal and complicated pregnancy","volume":"213","author":"Mitchell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3622","article-title":"Regulation of immune responses by extracellular vesicles","volume":"14","author":"Robbins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godakumara K, Dissanayake K, Hasan MM, Kodithuwakku SP, Fazeli A. Role of extracellular vesicles in intercellular communication during reproduction. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene 2022;57 Suppl 5(Suppl 5):14\u201321.","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.14205"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01694-9","article-title":"Maternal microbiota communicates with the fetus through microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Kaisanlahti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214701","article-title":"Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles promote immunity and intestinal maturation in suckling rats","volume":"15","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Ruiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(88)80030-1","article-title":"The IgA mucosal immune system","volume":"12","author":"Lamm","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31761-y","article-title":"Dietary protein increases T-cell-independent sIgA production through changes in gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0198-4","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Tilg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.751374","article-title":"Physical activity and nutritional influence on immune function: an important strategy to improve immunity and health status","volume":"12","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250163","article-title":"Diet, commensal microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles, and host immunity","volume":"53","author":"Taitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3480","article-title":"Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi","volume":"13","author":"Brown","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073148","article-title":"Oxidative stress, gut microbiota, and extracellular vesicles: interconnected pathways and therapeutic potentials","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0310","first-page":"8573","article-title":"Emerging trends in the application of extracellular vesicles as novel Oral delivery vehicles for therapeutics in inflammatory diseases","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00311-25","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles form a distinct entity from gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Kaisanlahti","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117504","article-title":"Potential therapeutic application and mechanism of gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"180","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232213787","article-title":"Microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles detected in human blood from healthy donors","volume":"23","author":"Schaack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926008106?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926008106?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:38:54Z","timestamp":1784230734000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576926008106"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":65,"alternative-id":["S1567576926008106"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles as autonomous regulators of host immunity and gut\u2013organ axes: Cellular mechanisms of cross-kingdom communication in inflammatory, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.116964","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116964"}}