{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T19:44:54Z","timestamp":1793303094182,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004179","name":"Ningxia Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004179","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T18:44:40Z","timestamp":1781981080000},"page":"117051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Lycium ruthenicum Murray anthocyanins alleviate neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease by modulating gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"185","author":[{"given":"HanQing","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XueMei","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinghan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113071","article-title":"Fiber deprivation and microbiome-borne curli shift gut bacterial populations and accelerate disease in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"42","author":"Schmit","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01107-9","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation protects rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice via suppressing inflammation mediated by the lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 signaling pathway through the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Movement Dis.: Off. J. Movement Disorder Soc."},{"issue":"9996","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3","article-title":"Parkinson's disease","volume":"386","author":"Kalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26069","article-title":"Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson\u2019s disease and clinical phenotype","volume":"30","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord.: Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0296-0","article-title":"(Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease","volume":"5","author":"Buford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010529108","article-title":"Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior","volume":"108","author":"Diaz Heijtz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060708","article-title":"Changes of colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"10","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-016-9001-4","article-title":"Structural changes of gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease and its correlation with clinical features","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_460_23","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the beneficial gut bacteria in patients with Parkinson's disease from India","volume":"26","author":"Pavan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.5414\/CP204285","article-title":"Changes in the intestinal microbiota of patients with Parkinson's disease and their clinical significance","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm. Therap."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13990","article-title":"Gut bacterial profiles in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Therap."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0065","article-title":"Profiling analysis of tryptophan metabolites in the urine of patients with Parkinson's disease using LC-MS\/MS","volume":"16","author":"Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2021.1999928","article-title":"Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, a novel therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease","volume":"25","author":"Boros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Opin. Therap. Targets"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152296","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolites maintain gut and systemic homeostasis","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00475","article-title":"1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine induced Parkinson's disease in mouse: potential association between neurotransmitter disturbance and gut microbiota dysbiosis","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070998","article-title":"The role of tryptophan dysmetabolism and quinolinic acid in depressive and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Hestad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326584","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1326584","article-title":"Exploring the interplay between running exercises, microbial diversity, and tryptophan metabolism along the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"15","author":"Vazquez-Medina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0095","article-title":"Effects of long-term intake of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murray on the organism health and gut microbiota in vivo","volume":"130","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int. (Ottawa, Ont.)"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12210","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO01878H","article-title":"Lycium ruthenicum Murray anthocyanin-driven neuroprotection modulates the gut microbiome and metabolome of MPTP-treated mice","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464706","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1464706","article-title":"Behavioral analysis of motor and non-motor impairment in rodent models of Parkinson's disease","volume":"16","author":"Sheta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.155","article-title":"Object recognition test in mice","volume":"8","author":"Leger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-024-04258-x","article-title":"Atractylenolide-I attenuates MPTP\/MPP(+)-mediated oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease through SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1\/Nrf2 axis","volume":"50","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046992","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.1046992","article-title":"Galectin-9\/Tim-3 pathway mediates dopaminergic neurodegeneration in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6774","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03485-7","article-title":"Oral administration of Silybin protects against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines and preserving BDNF levels in mice","volume":"60","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Carreto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00643-5","article-title":"7,8-Dihydroxyflavone ameliorates motor deficits via regulating autophagy in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"7","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"issue":"29","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0135","article-title":"Gemfibrozil protects dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease via PPAR\u03b1-dependent astrocytic GDNF pathway","volume":"44","author":"Erratum: Gottschalk","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2019.02.021","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS-based quantification of tryptophan metabolites and neurotransmitters in the serum and brain of mice","volume":"1112","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.4155\/bio-2016-0111","article-title":"LC-MS\/MS-based quantification of kynurenine metabolites, tryptophan, monoamines and neopterin in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid and brain","volume":"8","author":"Fuertig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.04.005","article-title":"Gut microbiota modulation and anti-inflammatory properties of anthocyanins from the fruits of Lycium ruthenicum Murray in dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice","volume":"136","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11648","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917597117","article-title":"Microbiota-derived butyrate dynamically regulates intestinal homeostasis through regulation of actin-associated protein synaptopodin","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.005","article-title":"Functional and genomic variation between human-derived isolates of lachnospiraceae reveals inter- and intra-species diversity","volume":"28","author":"Sorbara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0180","article-title":"Association of Parkinson's Disease With Microbes and Microbiological Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.653208","article-title":"Amino Acid Trp: The Far Out Impacts of Host and Commensal Tryptophan Metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Grifka-Walk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52014","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.19443","article-title":"Indole microbial metabolites: expanding and translating target(s)","volume":"8","author":"Mani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052915","article-title":"Microbiota, Tryptophan and Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors as the Target Triad in Parkinson's Disease-A Narrative Review","volume":"25","author":"Iwaniak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00964-7","article-title":"Parkinson's disease is characterized by vitamin B6-dependent inflammatory kynurenine pathway dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson's Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2016.134","article-title":"Constitutive and Acquired Serotonin Deficiency Alters Memory and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity","volume":"42","author":"Fernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol.: Off. Pub. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R. Lugo-Huitr\u00f3n, P. Ugalde Mu\u00f1iz, B. Pineda, J. Pedraza-Chaverr\u00ed, C. R\u00edos, V. P\u00e9rez-de la Cruz, Quinolinic acid: an endogenous neurotoxin with multiple targets, Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev. 2013 (2013) 104024.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/104024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433747","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1433747","article-title":"The aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway: a linking bridge between the gut microbiome and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"18","author":"Coretti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.769501","article-title":"New Insights Into Gut-Bacteria-Derived Indole and Its Derivatives in Intestinal and Liver Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.08.051","article-title":"Microbiome-derived indole-3-lactic acid reduces amyloidopathy through aryl-hydrocarbon receptor activation","volume":"122","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031892","article-title":"Enemies or Allies? Hormetic and Apparent Non-Dose-Dependent Effects of Natural Bioactive Antioxidants in the Treatment of Inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Barreiro-Sisto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2014.978080","article-title":"Bioavailability of anthocyanins","volume":"46","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Rev."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25173809","article-title":"Anthocyanins: A comprehensive review of their chemical properties and health effects on cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"25","author":"Mattioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"}],"container-title":["International Immunopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926008970?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1567576926008970?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T19:35:20Z","timestamp":1784230520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1567576926008970"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S1567576926008970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1567-5769"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1567-5769","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Lycium ruthenicum Murray anthocyanins alleviate neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease by modulating gut microbiota and tryptophan metabolism","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"International Immunopharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2026.117051","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117051"}}