{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:20:44Z","timestamp":1785540044286,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ISA Transactions"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T05:29:07Z","timestamp":1606973347000},"page":"234-250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Intelligent adaptive LFC via power flow management of integrated standalone micro-grid system"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"112","author":[{"given":"Maloth","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawan Kumar","family":"Pathak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.12.223","article-title":"Solar-wind hybrid renewable energy system: A review","volume":"58","author":"Khare","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2011.2159692","article-title":"Standalone hybrid wind-solar power generation system applying dump power control without dump load","volume":"59","author":"Hirose","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.187","article-title":"A review on hybrid renewable energy systems","volume":"52","author":"Shivarama","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.02.009","article-title":"Hybrid renewable energy systems for power generation in stand-alone applications: A review","volume":"16","author":"Bajpai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1109\/MPE.2008.918702","article-title":"Microgrids management: Controls and operation aspects of microgrids","volume":"6","author":"Katiraei","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2010.2089688","article-title":"A frequency-control approach by photovoltaic generator in a PV-diesel hybrid power system","volume":"26","author":"Datta","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Energy Convers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2007.914309","article-title":"Small-signal stability analysis of an autonomous hybrid renewable energy power generation\/energy storage system Part I: time-domain simulations","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Energy Convers"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2004.837275","article-title":"A hybrid power system using alternative energy facility in isolated island","volume":"20","author":"Senjyu","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Energy Convers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2012.2202294","article-title":"A comparative study on maximum power point tracking techniques for photovoltaic power systems","volume":"4","author":"Subudhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040801","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4046090","article-title":"Advanced solar MPPT techniques under uniform and non-uniform irradiance: A comprehensive review","volume":"142","author":"Pathak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sol Energy Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2014.2300162","article-title":"Variable perturbation size adaptive P & O MPPT algorithm for sudden changes in irradiance","volume":"5","author":"Kollimalla","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2011.2168245","article-title":"Assessment of perturb and observe MPPT algorithm implementation techniques for PV pumping application","volume":"3","author":"Elgendy","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2019.01.028","article-title":"Enhanced auto-scaling incremental conductance MPPT method implemented on low-cost micro controller and SEPIC converter","volume":"180","author":"Necaibia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2018.12.018","article-title":"Design of battery charging circuit through intelligent MPPT using SPV system","volume":"178","author":"Pathak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sol Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.08.005","article-title":"Recent developments of control strategies for wind energy conversion system","volume":"66","author":"Tiwari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2006.870658","article-title":"Design of a maximum power tracking system for wind-energy-conversion applications","volume":"53","author":"Koutroulis","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Electron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.07.021","article-title":"Fractional order fuzzy-proportional\u2013integral\u2013derivative based pitch angle controller for a direct-drive wind energy system","volume":"78","author":"Pathak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Electr Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2005.853786","article-title":"Generation Cost Assessment of an Isolated Power System with a fuzzy Wind Power Generation Model","volume":"22","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Energy Convers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.02.024","article-title":"Tuning of PID load frequency controller for power systems","volume":"50","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2013.2245349","article-title":"Load frequency control in power systems via internal model control scheme and model-order reduction","volume":"28","author":"Saxena","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2009.2036463","article-title":"Unified tuning of PID load frequency controller for power systems via IMC","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1109\/59.32469","article-title":"An adaptive controller for power system load-frequency control","volume":"4","author":"Pan","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2016.07.002","article-title":"A robust adaptive load frequency control for micro-grids","volume":"65","author":"Khooban","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISA Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2017.10.006","article-title":"Intelligent control strategy in the islanded network of solar PV microgrid","volume":"155","author":"Vinayagam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2015.2432113","article-title":"Fuzzy-logic based frequency controller for wind farms augumented with energy storage systems","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.10.024","article-title":"Intelligent control of a grid-connected wind-photovoltaic hybrid power Systems","volume":"55","author":"Hong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1109\/TEC.2010.2089688","article-title":"A frequency-control approach by photovoltaic generator in a PV-diesel hybrid power system","volume":"26","author":"Datta","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Energy Convers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.10.057","article-title":"A new load frequency control strategy for micro-grids with considering electrical vehicles","volume":"143","author":"Khooban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electr Power Syst Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2018.5419","article-title":"Comparative performance evaluation of WCA-optimised non-integer controller employed with WPG-DSPG-PHEV based isolated two-area interconnected microgrid system","volume":"13","author":"Latif","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Renew Power Gener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2018.12.059","article-title":"Integrated sizing of hybrid PV-wind-battery system for Remote Island considering the saturation of each renewable energy resource","volume":"182","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.11.011","article-title":"Proportional\u2013integral controller based small-signal analysis of hybrid distributed generation systems","volume":"52","author":"Ray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2015.03.003","article-title":"Fractional order fuzzy control of hybrid power system with renewable generation using chaotic PSO","volume":"62","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISA Trans"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.02.029","article-title":"Coordination strategies of distributed energy resources including FESS, DEG, FC and WTG in load frequency control (LFC) scheme of hybrid isolated micro-grid","volume":"109","author":"Ahmadreza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2018.5029","article-title":"Optimal load frequency control in deloaded tidal power generation plant-based interconnected hybrid power system","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"IET Renew Power Gener"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2012.10.015","article-title":"Robust H-infinity load frequency control in hybrid distributed generation system","volume":"16","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2018.2841844","article-title":"A passivity-based design of sliding modes for Optimal Load Frequency control","volume":"27","author":"Trip","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2015.07.014","article-title":"The sliding mode load frequency control for hybrid power system based on disturbance observer","volume":"74","author":"Mi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4454","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2017.2780986","article-title":"Adaptive voltage and frequency control of islanded multi-microgrids","volume":"33","author":"Amoateng","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2015.11.096","article-title":"Improved frequency dynamic in isolated hybrid power system using an intelligent method","volume":"78","author":"Modirkhazeni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Electr Power Energy Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6429","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2960380","article-title":"An improved ACO algorithm optimized fuzzy PID controller for load frequency control in multi area interconnected power systems","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfranklin.2019.02.034","article-title":"A new optimized fuzzy FOPI-FOPD controller for automatic generation control of electric power systems","volume":"356","author":"Arya","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Franklin Inst B"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2019.2901741","article-title":"Nonlinear model predictive Control of Wind Farm for System frequency support","volume":"34","author":"Kou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1109\/TSTE.2017.2754522","article-title":"Frequency support from Wind Turbine generators with a time-variable droop characteristic","volume":"9","author":"Garmroodi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Sustain Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0661(01)00062-4","article-title":"The future of PID control","volume":"9","author":"Astrom","year":"2001","journal-title":"Control Eng Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061013","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4033685","article-title":"Improved self-tuning fuzzy proportional\u2013integral derivative versus fuzzy-adaptive proportional\u2013integral\u2013derivative for speed control of nonlinear hybrid electric vehicles","volume":"11","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Comput Nonlinear Dyn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2018.06.012","article-title":"Heading tracking control with an adaptive hybrid control for under actuated under water glider","volume":"80","author":"Sang","year":"2018","journal-title":"ISA Trans"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3749","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-016-2131-5","article-title":"An optimized and improved STF-PID speed control of throttle controlled HEV","volume":"41","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arab J Sci Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2005.847331","article-title":"PID control system analysis, design, and technology","volume":"13","author":"Ang","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5792","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2905851","article-title":"Hybrid-Peak-Area-Based performance Index Criteria for AGC of Multi-Area power systems","volume":"15","author":"Pathak","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Inf"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b50","article-title":"Design of generalised active disturbance rejection control for delayed systems: an application to load frequency control","author":"Jain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internat J Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b51","series-title":"Distributed automatic load- frequency control with optimality in power systems: Preprint","author":"Xin","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3339","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2015.2489562","article-title":"Dynamic gain-tuning control (DGTC) approach for AGC with effects of wind power","volume":"31","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Power Syst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002_b53","first-page":"85401","article-title":"Reactive power-voltage-based voltage instability sensitivity indices for power grid with increasing","volume":"8","author":"Adetokun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew Energy Penetration"}],"container-title":["ISA Transactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0019057820305218?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0019057820305218?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T01:01:23Z","timestamp":1758070883000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0019057820305218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0019057820305218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0019-0578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0019-0578","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Intelligent adaptive LFC via power flow management of integrated standalone micro-grid system","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"ISA Transactions","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isatra.2020.12.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}