{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T04:17:17Z","timestamp":1778559437052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646265600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007920","name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA176179"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA176179"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007920","name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA222590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA222590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,6]],"date-time":"2022-03-06T23:25:31Z","timestamp":1646609131000},"page":"104031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["An artificial intelligence deep learning platform achieves high diagnostic accuracy for Covid-19 pneumonia by reading chest X-ray images"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dongguang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoguang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1126\/science.357.6346.16","article-title":"The scientists' apprentice","volume":"357","author":"Appenzeller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0508-1","article-title":"Clinical-grade computational pathology using weakly supervised deep learning on whole slide images","volume":"25","author":"Campanella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib3","first-page":"e9448","article-title":"Predicting COVID-19 pneumonia severity on chest X-ray with deep learning","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7498","article-title":"Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.040","article-title":"Making sense of mutation: what D614G means for the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear","volume":"182","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib6","article-title":"Genetic Variants Are Identified to Increase Risk of COVID-19 Related Mortality from UK Biobank Data","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-020-00831-x","article-title":"Machine-learning classification of texture features of portable chest X-ray accurately classifies COVID-19 lung infection","volume":"19","author":"Hussain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib9","first-page":"475","article-title":"Two public chest X-ray datasets for computer-aided screening of pulmonary diseases","volume":"4","author":"Jaeger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Quant Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5088","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18685-1","article-title":"Development and evaluation of an artificial intelligence system for COVID-19 diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.010","article-title":"Identifying medical diagnoses and treatable diseases by image-based deep learning","volume":"172","author":"Kermany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10309","article-title":"Deep-learning convolutional neural networks with transfer learning accurately classify COVID-19 lung infection on portable chest radiographs","volume":"8","author":"Kikkisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peer J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00005-9","article-title":"New variant of SARS-CoV-2 in UK causes surge of COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Kirby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus","volume":"182","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2169-0","article-title":"Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in malayan pangolins","volume":"583","author":"Lam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib16","series-title":"The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks","first-page":"255","article-title":"Convolutional networks for images, speech, and time-series","author":"LeCun","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6004","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19817-3","article-title":"A deep learning diagnostic platform for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with high accuracy across multiple hospitals","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E65","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200905","article-title":"Using artificial intelligence to detect COVID-19 and community-acquired pneumonia based on pulmonary CT: evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy","volume":"296","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.2307\/1907651","article-title":"A set of independent necessary and sufficient conditions for simple majority decisions","volume":"20","author":"May","year":"1952","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib21","author":"Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib22","author":"Paul"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib23","first-page":"37","article-title":"Evaluation: from precision, recall and F-factor to ROC, informedness, markedness & correlation","volume":"2","author":"Powers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Machine Learn. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0574-4","article-title":"Augmented reality microscopes for cancer histopathology","volume":"25","author":"Razavian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2014.09.003","article-title":"Deep learning in neural networks: an overview","volume":"61","author":"Schmidhuber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473.e71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2021.02.005","article-title":"Initial chest radiograph scores inform COVID-19 status, intensive care unit admission and need for mechanical ventilation","volume":"76","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.12.024","article-title":"Emergence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant in the UK","volume":"82","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aci.2018.08.003","article-title":"Classification assessment methods","volume":"17","author":"Tharwat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Comput. Inform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30558-4","article-title":"Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib30","article-title":"ChestX-ray8: hospital-scale chest X-ray database and benchmarks on weakly-supervised classification and location of common thorax diseases","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s40537-016-0043-6","article-title":"A survey of transfer learning","volume":"3","author":"Weiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Big Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88538-4","article-title":"Towards computer-aided severity assessment via deep neural networks for geographic and opacity extent scoring of SARS-CoV-2 chest X-rays","volume":"11","author":"Wong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0533","article-title":"Histopathologic changes and SARS-CoV-2 immunostaining in the lung of a patient with COVID-19","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14316","article-title":"Distinct characteristics of COVID-19 patients with initial rRT-PCR-positive and rRT-PCR-negative results for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236621","article-title":"Deep transfer learning artificial intelligence accurately stages COVID-19 lung disease severity on portable chest radiographs","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.035","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues","volume":"181","author":"Ziegler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004222003017?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004222003017?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T16:48:22Z","timestamp":1762879702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004222003017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004222003017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An artificial intelligence deep learning platform achieves high diagnostic accuracy for Covid-19 pneumonia by reading chest X-ray images","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Authors.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104031"}}