{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T21:08:18Z","timestamp":1794258498539,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011527","name":"University of Missouri Columbia Office of Research Graduate Studies and Economic Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011527","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI145071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI145071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007165","name":"University of Missouri","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007165","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014261","name":"NIHCM","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T03:27:45Z","timestamp":1740454065000},"page":"112099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Development of apical out trophoblast stem cell derived organoids to model early human pregnancy"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.","family":"Sheridan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.J.","family":"Dahlgren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Messler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Ezashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.C.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.D.","family":"Ulery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.M.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.J.","family":"Schust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib1","first-page":"E2337","article-title":"Heightened potency of human pluripotent stem cell lines created by transient BMP4 exposure","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2115709119","article-title":"Induction of human trophoblast stem-like cells from primed pluripotent stem cells","volume":"119","author":"Jang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2022.03.039","article-title":"Human placental development and function","volume":"131","author":"Cindrova-Davies","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.110.088724","article-title":"Trophoblast stem cells","volume":"84","author":"Roberts","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.695248","article-title":"Single Nucleus RNA Sequence (snRNAseq) Analysis of the Spectrum of Trophoblast Lineages Generated From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in\u00a0vitro","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0143-4004(92)90051-T","article-title":"Villous culture of first trimester human placenta--model to study extravillous trophoblast (EVT) differentiation","volume":"13","author":"Genbacev","year":"1992","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(80)80012-9","article-title":"Trophoblastic invasion of human decidua from 8 to 18\u00a0weeks of pregnancy","volume":"1","author":"Pijnenborg","year":"1980","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.082759ja","article-title":"Developmental cell biology of human villous trophoblast: current research problems","volume":"54","author":"Aplin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-6374(03)00053-4","article-title":"Human placenta as an endocrine organ","volume":"13","author":"Evain-Brion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Growth Horm. IGF Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1993.tb12979.x","article-title":"The role of trophoblast dysfunction in the aetiology of miscarriage","volume":"100","author":"Johnson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201019666180427110547","article-title":"The Critical Role of Abnormal Trophoblast Development in the Etiology of Preeclampsia","volume":"19","author":"Huppertz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.173252","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction, human placental development and trophoblast cell death","volume":"587","author":"Scifres","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.07.050","article-title":"What is the placenta?","volume":"213","author":"Burton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-118-4-1567","article-title":"Purification, characterization, and in\u00a0vitro differentiation of cytotrophoblasts from human term placentae","volume":"118","author":"Kliman","year":"1986","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2017.11.004","article-title":"Derivation of Human Trophoblast Stem Cells","volume":"22","author":"Okae","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0753-3","article-title":"Trophoblast organoids as a model for maternal\u2013fetal interactions during human placentation","volume":"564","author":"Turco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.07.004","article-title":"Self-renewing trophoblast organoids recapitulate the developmental program of the early human placenta","volume":"11","author":"Haider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93766-9","article-title":"Three-dimensional human placenta-like bud synthesized from induced pluripotent stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202100031","article-title":"Establishment of Trophoblast-Like Tissue Model from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Three-Dimensional Culture System","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0753-3","article-title":"Trophoblast organoids as a model for maternal\u2013fetal interactions during human placentation","volume":"564","author":"Turco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2013.01.004","article-title":"Determination of placental growth factor (PlGF) levels in healthy pregnant women without signs or symptoms of preeclampsia","volume":"3","author":"Saffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2012.44.1.025","article-title":"The discovery of placenta growth factor and its biological activity","volume":"44","author":"De Falco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-11-3423","article-title":"Mechanism of monocyte activation and expression of proinflammatory cytochemokines by placenta growth factor","volume":"102","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32873","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.15861","article-title":"Hypoxia activates placental growth factor expression in lymphatic endothelial cells","volume":"8","author":"Tudisco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1516","article-title":"A critical role of placental growth factor in the induction of inflammation and edema formation","volume":"101","author":"Oura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.12.012","article-title":"Review: Placental mitochondrial function and structure in gestational disorders","volume":"54","author":"Holland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.5.5133","article-title":"Structural and functional changes in mitochondria associated with trophoblast differentiation: methods to isolate enriched preparations of syncytiotrophoblast mitochondria","volume":"138","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42941","article-title":"Cytotrophoblast, Not Syncytiotrophoblast, Dominates Glycolysis and Oxidative Phosphorylation in Human Term Placenta","volume":"7","author":"Kolahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.028","article-title":"Methods in mammalian autophagy research","volume":"140","author":"Mizushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1905-6","article-title":"The fine-tuning of endoplasmic reticulum stress response and autophagy activation during trophoblast syncytialization","volume":"10","author":"Bastida-Ruiz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.87.1.27","article-title":"Structure and function of the nematosome","volume":"87","author":"Ockleford","year":"1987","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0381-x","article-title":"Establishment and differentiation of long-term trophoblast organoid cultures from the human placenta","volume":"15","author":"Sheridan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.4.828","article-title":"Development of Cytotrophoblast Columns from Explanted First-Trimester Human Placental Villi: Role of Fibronectin and Integrin \u03b15\u03b211","volume":"60","author":"Aplin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.113.115279","article-title":"Extravillous Trophoblast-Associated ADAM12 Exerts Pro-Invasive Properties, Including Induction of Integrin Beta 1-Mediated Cellular Spreading1","volume":"90","author":"Biadasiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22635","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1911362116","article-title":"Dynamics of trophoblast differentiation in peri-implantation\u2013stage human embryos","volume":"116","author":"West","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib36","article-title":"Integrin \u03b12 marks a niche of trophoblast progenitor cells in first trimester human placenta","volume":"145","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.199749","article-title":"Characterization of primary models of human trophoblast","volume":"148","author":"Sheridan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15772","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000484117","article-title":"Three types of HLA-G+ extravillous trophoblasts that have distinct immune regulatory properties","volume":"117","author":"Papuchova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0698-6","article-title":"Single-cell reconstruction of the early maternal-fetal interface in humans","volume":"563","author":"Vento-Tormo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.09030","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and its possible correlation with p63 expression in cervical cancer in Japan, Mongolia, and Myanmar","volume":"42","author":"Shirendeb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W128","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn195","article-title":"ConTra: a promoter alignment analysis tool for identification of transcription factor binding sites across species","volume":"36","author":"Hooghe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.02.012","article-title":"The Human Placenta Project: placental structure, development, and function in real time","volume":"35","author":"Guttmacher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.04.004","article-title":"Stem-cell-derived trophoblast organoids model human placental development and susceptibility to emerging pathogens","volume":"29","author":"Karvas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2020.08.017","article-title":"Derivation of endometrial gland organoids from term placenta","volume":"101","author":"Marini\u0107","year":"2020","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.261528","article-title":"Trophoblast organoids with physiological polarity model placental structure and function","volume":"137","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041767","article-title":"The Immunology of Syncytialized Trophoblast","volume":"22","author":"Schust","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2013.02.007","article-title":"Syncytial nuclear aggregates in normal placenta show increased nuclear condensation, but apoptosis and cytoskeletal redistribution are uncommon","volume":"34","author":"Coleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2017.06.004","article-title":"Immune-modulatory effects of syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles in pregnancy and preeclampsia","volume":"60","author":"G\u00f6hner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70040-2","article-title":"Initial experience with extended culture and blastocyst transfer of cryopreserved embryos","volume":"180","author":"Gorrill","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib50","series-title":"Seeley's Anatomy\u00a0& Physiology","author":"VanPutte","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600841020","article-title":"Circulation time and body distribution of 14C-labeled amino-modified polystyrene nanoparticles in mice","volume":"84","author":"Simon","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(99)80153-5","article-title":"Basement membrane: Putting up the barriers","volume":"9","author":"Schwarzbauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.10.012","article-title":"Collagen type IV at the fetal-maternal interface","volume":"36","author":"Oefner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0354(91)90019-9","article-title":"Ultrastructure of the normal human placenta","volume":"4","author":"Jones","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electron. Microsc. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib55","first-page":"356","article-title":"Observations on human chorionic villi using the electron microscope","volume":"88","author":"Boyd","year":"1954","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5320(63)80007-6","article-title":"The ultrastructure of normal human first trimester placenta","volume":"59","author":"Terzakis","year":"1963","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Ultrastruct. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib57","first-page":"153","article-title":"The origin and function of human syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells","volume":"43","author":"Pierce","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib58","first-page":"451","article-title":"An Ultrastructural Study of Differentiation and Maturation of Trophoblast of the Monkey","volume":"13","author":"Pierce","year":"1964","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00086","article-title":"The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in Cancer Stemness","volume":"7","author":"Nallanthighal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173400","article-title":"Melanoma cells undergo aggressive coalescence in a 3D Matrigel model that is repressed by anti-CD44","volume":"12","author":"Wessels","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01473D","article-title":"Development of substrates for the culture of human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Kawase","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00207709","article-title":"Loss and regeneration of the microvilli of human placental syncytiotrophoblast","volume":"240","author":"Al-Zuhair","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1001860107","article-title":"Trophoblast differentiation during the transition from trophoblastic plate to lacunar stage of implantation in the rhesus monkey and human","volume":"186","author":"Enders","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.22302","article-title":"Fundamental role of microvilli in the main functions of differentiated cells: Outline of an universal regulating and signaling system at the cell periphery","volume":"226","author":"Lange","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib65","first-page":"39","article-title":"Cellular interactions during implantation in domestic ruminants","volume":"49","author":"Guillomot","year":"1995","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib66","first-page":"23","article-title":"Correlative scanning electron, transmission electron, and light microscopic studies of the in\u00a0vitro development of mouse embryos on a plastic substrate at the implantation stage","volume":"56","author":"Gonda","year":"1980","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Embryol. Exp. Morphol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib67","first-page":"38","article-title":"Ultrasonic microdissection of immature intermediate human placental villi as studied by scanning electron microscopy","volume":"1986","author":"Highison","year":"1986","journal-title":"Scanning Electron. Microsc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0070","article-title":"The role of invasive trophoblast in implantation and placentation of primates","volume":"370","author":"Carter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.744324","article-title":"HLA-G: An Important Mediator of Maternal-Fetal Immune-Tolerance","volume":"12","author":"Zhuang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000315","article-title":"GATA-3 expression in trophoblastic tissues: an immunohistochemical study of 445 cases, including diagnostic utility","volume":"39","author":"Banet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.12.012","article-title":"A unifying concept of trophoblastic differentiation and malignancy defined by biomarker expression","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.08.006","article-title":"p63 inhibits extravillous trophoblast migration and maintains cells in a cytotrophoblast stem cell-like state","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0378(88)90028-9","article-title":"Expression of the proliferation markers Ki67 and transferrin receptor by human trophoblast populations","volume":"14","author":"Bulmer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7710","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1612335113","article-title":"Notch1 controls development of the extravillous trophoblast lineage in the human placenta","volume":"113","author":"Haider","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.01.009","article-title":"Expression pattern and function of Notch2 in different subtypes of first trimester cytotrophoblast","volume":"36","author":"Plessl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030480","article-title":"Role of Gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy and Their Future Potential as Preeclampsia Biomarkers","volume":"11","author":"Nikolov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(01)00142-5","article-title":"Control of MMP-9 expression at the maternal-fetal interface","volume":"55","author":"Bischof","year":"2002","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45279-y","article-title":"Trophoblast stem cell-based organoid models of the human placental barrier","volume":"15","author":"Hori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy030","article-title":"Placental formation in early pregnancy: how is the centre of the placenta made?","volume":"24","author":"Boss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw9021","article-title":"Tissue geometry drives deterministic organoid patterning","volume":"375","author":"Gjorevski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib81","article-title":"Challenges of culturing human norovirus in three-dimensional organoid intestinal cell culture models","volume":"8","author":"Papafragkou","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2016-0192","article-title":"Development of a Three-Dimensional Bioengineering Technology to Generate Lung Tissue for Personalized Disease Modeling","volume":"6","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.23265","article-title":"Arrangement of type IV collagen on NH2 and COOH functionalized surfaces","volume":"108","author":"Coelho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaaa029","article-title":"Use of a human embryonic stem cell model to discover GABRP, WFDC2, VTCN1 and ACTC1 as markers of early first trimester human trophoblast","volume":"26","author":"Karvas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.73","article-title":"Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative C T method","volume":"3","author":"Schmittgen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11873","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91087-5","article-title":"Derangement of cell cycle markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of asthmatic patients as a reliable biomarker for asthma control","volume":"11","author":"Hachim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1212","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1303094110","article-title":"Complete and unidirectional conversion of human embryonic stem cells to trophoblast by BMP4","volume":"110","author":"Amita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004225003591?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004225003591?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T01:15:14Z","timestamp":1786410914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004225003591"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004225003591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Development of apical out trophoblast stem cell derived organoids to model early human pregnancy","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.112099","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112099"}}