{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:16:59Z","timestamp":1783477019294,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T003146\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T003146\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T002352\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T002352\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/T002549\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/T002549\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/X005038\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/X005038\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T14:28:18Z","timestamp":1763648898000},"page":"114068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond locomotion: How specialized motor patterns enable a vertebrate to struggle free from capture"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Saeed","family":"Farjami","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Palyanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Saccomanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Merrison-Hort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Ferrario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Borisyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Tabak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Chang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.9","article-title":"Decoding the organization of spinal circuits that control locomotion","volume":"17","author":"Kiehn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00015.2019","article-title":"Current Principles of Motor Control, with Special Reference to Vertebrate Locomotion","volume":"100","author":"Grillner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2005.09.004","article-title":"Neuronal control of leech behavior","volume":"76","author":"Kristan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib4","article-title":"Fifty Years of CPGs: Two Neuroethological Papers that Shaped the Course of Neuroscience","volume":"4","author":"Mulloney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.2741\/4146","article-title":"Metachronal propagation of motor activity","volume":"18","author":"Falgairolle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.6.661","article-title":"Kinematic scaling of locomotion by hydrostatic animals: ontogeny of peristaltic crawling by the earthworm lumbricus terrestris","volume":"202","author":"Quillin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00731.2015","article-title":"Imaging fictive locomotor patterns in larval Drosophila","volume":"114","author":"Pulver","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12460","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0222-12.2012","article-title":"Characterization of Drosophila larval crawling at the level of organism, segment, and somatic body wall musculature","volume":"32","author":"Heckscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2014.0205","article-title":"Common mechanics of mode switching in locomotion of limbless and legged animals","volume":"11","author":"Kuroda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2307\/25066590","article-title":"Kinematics of soft-bodied, legged locomotion in Manduca sexta larvae","volume":"212","author":"Trimmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1137","article-title":"The motor infrastructure: from ion channels to neuronal networks","volume":"4","author":"Grillner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib12","article-title":"How Neurons Generate Behavior in A Hatchling Amphibian Tadpole: An Outline","volume":"4","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0188","article-title":"Snakes mimic earthworms: propulsion using rectilinear travelling waves","volume":"10","author":"Marvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib14","article-title":"Crawling without wiggling: muscular mechanisms and kinematics of rectilinear locomotion in boa constrictors","volume":"221","author":"Newman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.4.767","article-title":"Anguilliform locomotion in an elongate salamander (Siren intermedia): effects of speed on axial undulatory movements","volume":"200","author":"Gillis","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.202.11.1511","article-title":"A kinematic comparison of forward and backward swimming in the eel anguilla anguilla","volume":"202","author":"D'Ao","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.127.1.27","article-title":"Surface and Subsurface Swimming of the Sea Snake Pelamis Platurus","volume":"127","author":"Graham","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.115709","article-title":"Metachronal coupling between spinal neuronal networks during locomotor activity in newborn rat","volume":"580","author":"Falgairolle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00479.2001","article-title":"Spatiotemporal activation of lumbosacral motoneurons in the locomotor step cycle","volume":"87","author":"Yakovenko","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-007-1146-2","article-title":"Sequential activation of axial muscles during different forms of rhythmic behavior in man","volume":"185","author":"de Seze","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00767.2005","article-title":"Spinal cord maps of spatiotemporal alpha-motoneuron activation in humans walking at different speeds","volume":"95","author":"Ivanenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3408-08.2009","article-title":"Propagation of sinusoidal electrical waves along the spinal cord during a fictive motor task","volume":"29","author":"Cuellar","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1991.0145","article-title":"Triggering and gating of motor responses by sensory stimulation: behavioural selection in Xenopus embryos","volume":"246","author":"Soffe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12982","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3330-08.2008","article-title":"Shared versus specialized glycinergic spinal interneurons in axial motor circuits of larval zebrafish","volume":"28","author":"Liao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zool.2020.125888","article-title":"Comparative biomechanics of hagfish skins: diversity in material, morphology, and movement","volume":"145","author":"Kennedy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoology (Jena)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1086\/BBLv230n3p243","article-title":"Material Properties of Hagfish Skin, with Insights into Knotting Behaviors","volume":"230","author":"Clark","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01277.2005","article-title":"Pattern of motor coordination underlying backward swimming in the lamprey","volume":"96","author":"Islam","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00188169","article-title":"Transitions between two different motor patterns in Xenopus embryos","volume":"178","author":"Green","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.99.1.197","article-title":"The neuromuscular basis of rhythmic struggling movements in embryos of Xenopus laevis","volume":"99","author":"Kahn","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00639.2006","article-title":"Tectal control of locomotion, steering, and eye movements in lamprey","volume":"97","author":"Saitoh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00894.2014","article-title":"Flexibility of the axial central pattern generator network for locomotion in the salamander","volume":"113","author":"Ryczko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00606443","article-title":"Swimming and other centrally generated motor patterns in newt embryos","volume":"152","author":"Soffe","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00992","article-title":"Escape behavior and escape circuit activation in juvenile crayfish during prey-predator interactions","volume":"207","author":"Herberholz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4456","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-10-04456.1993","article-title":"Two distinct rhythmic motor patterns are driven by common premotor and motor neurons in a simple vertebrate spinal cord","volume":"13","author":"Soffe","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s003590050085","article-title":"The pattern of sensory discharge can determine the motor response in young Xenopus tadpoles","volume":"180","author":"Soffe","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009654","article-title":"Whole animal modelling reveals neuronal mechanisms of decision-making and reproduces unpredictable swimming in frog tadpoles","volume":"17","author":"Ferrario","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y","article-title":"DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning","volume":"21","author":"Mathis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2015.085","article-title":"Advanced CUBIC protocols for whole-brain and whole-body clearing and imaging","volume":"10","author":"Susaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9861(19990830)411:3<472::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Motoneurons of the axial swimming muscles in hatchling Xenopus tadpoles: features, distribution, and central synapses","volume":"411","author":"Roberts","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3248-13.2014","article-title":"Can simple rules control development of a pioneer vertebrate neuronal network generating behavior?","volume":"34","author":"Roberts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00238013","article-title":"On the generation of locomotion in the spinal dogfish","volume":"20","author":"Grillner","year":"1974","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1252-22","article-title":"The Curious Behavior of the Stickleback","volume":"187","author":"Tinbergen","year":"1952","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.192054","article-title":"Expanding our horizons: central pattern generation in the context of complex activity sequences","volume":"222","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib44","first-page":"36","article-title":"Roles for multifunctional and specialized spinal interneurons during motor pattern generation in tadpoles, zebrafish larvae, and turtles","volume":"4","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00618.2020","article-title":"The early development and physiology of Xenopus laevis tadpole lateral line system","volume":"126","author":"Saccomanno","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.1.37","article-title":"Control of Locomotion in a Lower Vertebrate, the Lamprey: Brainstem Command Systems and Spinal Cord Regeneration","volume":"29","author":"McClellan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6219","DOI":"10.1113\/JP276356","article-title":"A simple decision to move in response to touch reveals basic sensory memory and mechanisms for variable response times","volume":"596","author":"Koutsikou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270792","article-title":"Sensory initiation of a co-ordinated motor response: synaptic excitation underlying simple decision-making","volume":"593","author":"Buhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb05132.x","article-title":"Effects of site and strength of tactile stimulation on the swimming responses of Xenopus laevis embryos","volume":"235","author":"Boothby","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Zool (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2022.1027831","article-title":"An early midbrain sensorimotor pathway is involved in the timely initiation and direction of swimming in the hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpole","volume":"16","author":"Larbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib52","first-page":"2149","article-title":"Influence of tail shape on tadpole swimming performance","volume":"203","author":"Van Buskirk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00223-4","article-title":"Morphology and mechanics of myosepta in a swimming salamander (Siren lacertina)","volume":"133","author":"Azizi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.203.12.1869","article-title":"Simple mechanisms organise orientation of escape swimming in embryos and hatchling tadpoles of Xenopus laevis","volume":"203","author":"Roberts","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16609","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3695-10.2010","article-title":"Specific brainstem neurons switch each other into pacemaker mode to drive movement by activating NMDA receptors","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advengsoft.2016.03.002","article-title":"Application of smoothed particle hydrodynamics to modeling mechanisms of biological tissue","volume":"98","author":"Palyanov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0376","article-title":"Three-dimensional simulation of the Caenorhabditis elegans body and muscle cells in liquid and gel environments for behavioural analysis","volume":"373","author":"Palyanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2017.0382","article-title":"OpenWorm: overview and recent advances in integrative biological simulation of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"373","author":"Sarma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib59","series-title":"Predictive-Corrective Incompressible SPH","author":"Solenthaler","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10974-004-8716-8","article-title":"Effects of strain on contractile force and number of sarcomeres in series of Xenopus laevis single muscle fibres during long-term culture","volume":"25","author":"Jaspers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-020-01310-4","article-title":"Do muscle contractile properties drive differences in locomotor performance in invasive populations of Xenopus laevis in France?","volume":"190","author":"Padilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-8166(89)90086-4","article-title":"A comparison of the distribution of muscle type in the tadpole tails of Xenopus laevis and Rana temporaria: an histological and ultrastructural study","volume":"21","author":"Muntz","year":"1989","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298141","article-title":"The Properties and Propagation of a Cardiac-like Impulse in the Skin of Young Tadpoles","volume":"71","author":"Roberts","year":"1971","journal-title":"Z. Vergl. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15997","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160715997","article-title":"Hydrogels for Engineering of Perfusable Vascular Networks","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089461","article-title":"A Developmental Approach to Predicting Neuronal Connectivity from Small Biological Datasets: A Gradient-Based Neuron Growth Model","volume":"9","author":"Borisyuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2015.0479","article-title":"How body torque and Strouhal number change with swimming speed and developmental stage in larval zebrafish","volume":"12","author":"van Leeuwen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Interface"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.10462","article-title":"Ontogeny of form and function: locomotor morphology and drag in zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"267","author":"McHenry","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Morphol."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004225023296?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004225023296?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T01:43:11Z","timestamp":1783474991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004225023296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004225023296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond locomotion: How specialized motor patterns enable a vertebrate to struggle free from capture","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114068","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114068"}}