{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T20:04:05Z","timestamp":1791489845525,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOR 2790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 2790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BE4045\/65-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE4045\/65-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T07:24:56Z","timestamp":1766993096000},"page":"114571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation alters directed cortical communication during intentional actions"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"M\u00fcckschel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Hommel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Beste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X01000103","article-title":"The Theory of Event Coding (TEC): a framework for perception and action planning","volume":"24","author":"Hommel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020541","article-title":"A review of contemporary ideomotor theory","volume":"136","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.004","article-title":"Action effect anticipation: neurophysiological basis and functional consequences","volume":"36","author":"Waszak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2010.21485","article-title":"The neural underpinnings of event-file management: evidence for stimulus-induced activation of and competition among stimulus-response bindings","volume":"23","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1162","article-title":"Linking actions and their perceivable consequences in the human brain","volume":"17","author":"Elsner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2008.09.003","article-title":"Trans-saccadic perception","volume":"12","author":"Melcher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2012.11.035","article-title":"The neural substrate of the ideomotor principle revisited: Evidence for asymmetries in action-effect learning","volume":"231","author":"Melcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120965","article-title":"Directed connectivity in theta networks supports action-effect integration","volume":"305","author":"Mayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaf031","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of directed network communication and neural hubs in action\u2013effect integration","volume":"28","author":"Mayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.70339","article-title":"Maturational Changes in Action-Effect Integration Processes Are Reflected by Changes in the Directed Cortical Network Communication","volume":"46","author":"Mayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001","article-title":"The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities","volume":"87","author":"Faraone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.28.061604.135709","article-title":"An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance","volume":"28","author":"Aston-Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.12.009","article-title":"Computational Psychiatry of ADHD: Neural Gain Impairments across Marrian Levels of Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Hauser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840100700512","article-title":"Gain modulation in the central nervous system: where behavior, neurophysiology, and computation meet","volume":"7","author":"Salinas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.160","article-title":"Dopamine modulation of GABAergic function enables network stability and input selectivity for sustaining working memory in a computational model of the prefrontal cortex","volume":"39","author":"Lew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2025.03.024","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation and methylphenidate interact to increase cognitive persistence as a core component of metacontrol: Evidence from aperiodic activity analyses","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811251340893","article-title":"GABA and Glx levels in cortico-subcortical networks predict catecholaminergic effects on response inhibition","volume":"39","author":"Koyun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/syn.20979","article-title":"Pre- and postsynaptic effects of norepinephrine on \u03b3-aminobutyric acid-mediated synaptic transmission in layer 2\/3 of the rat auditory cortex","volume":"66","author":"Salgado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10652","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3179-04.2004","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying Differential D1 versus D2 Dopamine Receptor Regulation of Inhibition in Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"24","author":"Trantham-Davidson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.06.033","article-title":"GABAergic Interneurons in the Neocortex: From Cellular Properties to Circuits","volume":"91","author":"Tremblay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906369117","article-title":"GABA-mediated tonic inhibition differentially modulates gain in functional subtypes of cortical interneurons","volume":"117","author":"Bryson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00057.2020","article-title":"A literature review on the neurophysiological underpinnings and cognitive effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation: challenges and future directions","volume":"123","author":"Colzato","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-018-0596-2","article-title":"Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) enhances conflict-triggered adjustment of cognitive control","volume":"18","author":"Fischer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2022.09.009","article-title":"Evidence for a modulating effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) on salivary alpha-amylase as indirect noradrenergic marker: A pooled mega-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Giraudier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00202","article-title":"Effects of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (tVNS) on the P300 and Alpha-Amylase Level: A Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Ventura-Bort","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2018.12.224","article-title":"The neuromodulatory and hormonal effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation as evidenced by salivary alpha amylase, salivary cortisol, pupil diameter, and the P3 event-related potential","volume":"12","author":"Warren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1515\/BMT.2008.022","volume":"53","author":"Dietrich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.11.018","article-title":"Non-invasive access to the vagus nerve central projections via electrical stimulation of the external ear: fMRI evidence in humans","volume":"8","author":"Frangos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-012-0908-6","article-title":"Auricular transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in depressed patients: a randomized controlled pilot study","volume":"120","author":"Hein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12541","article-title":"Optimization of Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Using Functional MRI","volume":"20","author":"Yakunina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib31","article-title":"International Consensus Based Review and Recommendations for Minimum Reporting Standards in Research on Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation (Version 2020)","volume":"14","author":"Farmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2004-22.2023","article-title":"Auricular Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Specifically Enhances Working Memory Gate Closing Mechanism: A System Neurophysiological Study","volume":"43","author":"Konjusha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2021.102900","article-title":"Current challenges in reliably targeting the noradrenergic locus coeruleus using transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS)","volume":"236","author":"Ludwig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2018.06.007","article-title":"Striatal Microstructure and Its Relevance for Cognitive Control","volume":"22","author":"Beste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2024.120619","article-title":"Interactions of catecholamines and GABA+ in cognitive control: Insights from EEG and 1H-MRS","volume":"293","author":"Koyun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000707","article-title":"Electrophysiological evidence for action-effect prediction","volume":"149","author":"Dignath","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Gen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2916233","article-title":"nCREANN: Nonlinear Causal Relationship Estimation by Artificial Neural Network; Applied for Autism Connectivity Study","volume":"38","author":"Talebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.1037","article-title":"Thresholding of Statistical Maps in Functional Neuroimaging Using the False Discovery Rate","volume":"15","author":"Genovese","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116189","article-title":"Automated anatomical labelling atlas 3","volume":"206","author":"Rolls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-07974-4","article-title":"Variations in neuronal cytoskeletal integrity affect directed communication in distributed networks during inhibitory control","volume":"8","author":"Elmers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06439-4","article-title":"Neural connectivity patterns explain why adolescents perceive the world as moving slow","volume":"7","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib43","series-title":"Bayesian Cognitive Modeling: A Practical Course","author":"Lee","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.09.034","article-title":"Rhythms for Cognition: Communication through Coherence","volume":"88","author":"Fries","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2022.08.003","article-title":"Altered functional and directed connectivity in propofol-induced loss of consciousness: A source-space resting-state EEG study","volume":"142","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113616","article-title":"Directional Connectivity between Frontal and Posterior Brain Regions Is Altered with Increasing Concentrations of Propofol","volume":"9","author":"Maksimow","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003398","article-title":"Granger Causality of the Electroencephalogram Reveals Abrupt Global Loss of Cortical Information Flow during Propofol-induced Loss of Responsiveness","volume":"133","author":"Pullon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7082","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3769-11.2012","article-title":"Connectivity Changes Underlying Spectral EEG Changes during Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness","volume":"32","author":"Boly","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2021.652080","article-title":"Analyzing the Loss and the Recovery of Consciousness: Functional Connectivity Patterns and Changes in Heart Rate Variability During Propofol-Induced Anesthesia","volume":"15","author":"Sattin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.012","article-title":"Meta-analytic clustering of the insular cortex","volume":"62","author":"Cauda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00309","article-title":"Roles of the Different Sub-Regions of the Insular Cortex in Various Phases of the Decision-Making Process","volume":"9","author":"Droutman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.05.010","article-title":"The insular cortex","volume":"27","author":"Gogolla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3857","article-title":"Salience processing and insular cortical function and dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Uddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.27.1.229","article-title":"Effect anticipation and action control","volume":"27","author":"Elsner","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.07.004","article-title":"Effects of Concomitant Stimulation of the GABAergic and Norepinephrine System on Inhibitory Control - A Study Using Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Beste","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.01.011","article-title":"CNS BOLD fMRI Effects of Sham-Controlled Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in the Left Outer Auditory Canal \u2013 A Pilot Study","volume":"6","author":"Kraus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.1089","article-title":"The nerve supply of the human auricle","volume":"15","author":"Peuker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2012.00070","article-title":"Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation: Retrospective Assessment of Cardiac Safety in a Pilot Study","volume":"3","author":"Kreuzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301082","article-title":"VNS Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Depression: Clinical Evidence and Putative Neurobiological Mechanisms","volume":"31","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.06.046","article-title":"Automagic: Standardized preprocessing of big EEG data","volume":"200","author":"Pedroni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009","article-title":"EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis","volume":"134","author":"Delorme","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00016","article-title":"The PREP pipeline: standardized preprocessing for large-scale EEG analysis","volume":"9","author":"Bigdely-Shamlo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib63","first-page":"2184","article-title":"Real-Time Modeling and 3D Visualization of Source Dynamics and Connectivity Using Wearable EEG","volume":"2013","author":"Mullen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conf. Proc. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2014.08.002","article-title":"Digital filter design for electrophysiological data \u2013 a practical approach","volume":"250","author":"Widmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.05.032","article-title":"Recipes for the linear analysis of EEG","volume":"28","author":"Parra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-7-30","article-title":"Automatic Classification of Artifactual ICA-Components for Artifact Removal in EEG Signals","volume":"7","author":"Winkler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2560\/11\/3\/035013","article-title":"Robust artifactual independent component classification for BCI practitioners","volume":"11","author":"Winkler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neural. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/156869","article-title":"FieldTrip: Open Source Software for Advanced Analysis of MEG, EEG, and Invasive Electrophysiological Data","volume":"2011","author":"Oostenveld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.694","article-title":"Dynamic imaging of coherent sources: Studying neural interactions in the human brain","volume":"98","author":"Gross","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1109\/42.712135","article-title":"Design and construction of a realistic digital brain phantom","volume":"17","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1109\/10.623056","article-title":"Localization of brain electrical activity via linearly constrained minimum variance spatial filtering","volume":"44","author":"Van Veen","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117275","article-title":"Cardiac cycle gated cognitive-emotional control in superior frontal cortices","volume":"222","author":"Adelh\u00f6fer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib73","series-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining KDD\u201996","first-page":"226","article-title":"A density-based algorithm for discovering clusters in large spatial databases with noise","author":"Ester","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109521","article-title":"Neurophysiological effective network connectivity supports a threshold-dependent management of dynamic working memory gating","volume":"27","author":"Elmers","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110995","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of adaptive behavior: Dissociating local cortical modulations and interregional communication patterns","volume":"27","author":"Talebi","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/382043.382304","article-title":"Estimation of parameters and eigenmodes of multivariate autoregressive models","volume":"27","author":"Neumaier","year":"2001","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Math Software"}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004225028329?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004225028329?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:52:17Z","timestamp":1791337937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004225028329"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004225028329"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Auricular transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation alters directed cortical communication during intentional actions","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.114571","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114571"}}