{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T06:11:04Z","timestamp":1793772664007,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071315"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82371396"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82371396"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023Y9114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Y9114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021Y9307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021Y9307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J01314"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J01314"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017357","name":"Science and Technology Projects of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003347","name":"Fudan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010120","name":"Huashan Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T00:38:39Z","timestamp":1768005519000},"page":"114655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gut-lung axis perturbation and Bifidobacterium potential after spinal cord injury in humans and mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yuanqing","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoru","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zezhen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8277-7280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07603-1","article-title":"Spinal-cord injury","volume":"359","author":"McDonald","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v6.i1.24","article-title":"Chronic complications of spinal cord injury","volume":"6","author":"Sezer","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Orthop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17018","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.18","article-title":"Traumatic spinal cord injury","volume":"3","author":"Ahuja","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws267","article-title":"Functional neurological recovery after spinal cord injury is impaired in patients with infections","volume":"135","author":"Failli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003652","article-title":"Long-term functional outcome in patients with acquired infections after acute spinal cord injury","volume":"88","author":"Kopp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.05.015","article-title":"Effect of spinal cord injury on the neural regulation of respiratory function","volume":"209","author":"Zimmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2007.11753947","article-title":"Effect of spinal cord injury on the respiratory system: basic research and current clinical treatment options","volume":"30","author":"Zimmer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17564-z","article-title":"Spinal cord injury causes chronic bone marrow failure","volume":"11","author":"Carpenter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200192","article-title":"Spinal cord injury impairs lung immunity in mice","volume":"209","author":"Mifflin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4643","article-title":"Spinal cord injury-induced immunodeficiency is mediated by a sympathetic-neuroendocrine adrenal reflex","volume":"20","author":"Pr\u00fcss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10090928","article-title":"Peripheral immune dysfunction: A problem of central importance after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Jeffries","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib12","first-page":"19","article-title":"Lung microbiome: New insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases. Signal Transduct","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqae008","article-title":"The gut-lung axis: the impact of the gut mycobiome on pulmonary diseases and infections","volume":"5","author":"Sey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Oxf. Open Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.986480","article-title":"Relationship between gut microbiota and lymphocyte subsets in Chinese Han patients with spinal cord injury","volume":"13","author":"Pang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.946238","article-title":"A 16S rDNA sequencing-based analysis of airway microecology in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A cross-sectional study in Inner Mongolia","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.937864","article-title":"Potential implications of the lung microbiota in patients with chronic obstruction pulmonary disease and non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.118865","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and gut microbiota: A review","volume":"266","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E11","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.12.FOCUS18206","article-title":"Spinal cord injury and the human microbiome: beyond the brain\u2013gut axis","volume":"46","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101119","article-title":"Bowel dysfunction following spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Lynch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92027-z","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota in the acute phase after spinal cord injury correlate with severity of the lesion","volume":"11","author":"Bazzocchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151345","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis impairs recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"213","author":"Kigerl","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2073132","article-title":"Arginine-mediated gut microbiome remodeling promotes host pulmonary immune defense against nontuberculous mycobacterial infection","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127047","article-title":"Interaction between gut microbiota dysbiosis and lung infection as gut-lung axis caused by Streptococcus suis in mouse model","volume":"261","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13139","article-title":"The impact of lung microbiota dysbiosis on inflammation","volume":"159","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2385-4_5","article-title":"Gut microbiota and lung injury. Adv","volume":"1238","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau9959","article-title":"Lung and gut microbiota are altered by hyperoxia and contribute to oxygen-induced lung injury in mice","volume":"12","author":"Ashley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115007","article-title":"Rgl-exomiR-7972, a novel plant exosomal microRNA derived from fresh Rehmanniae Radix, ameliorated lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury and gut dysbiosis","volume":"165","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4194","article-title":"Translocation and dissemination of commensal bacteria in post-stroke infection","volume":"22","author":"Stanley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib29","series-title":"Pediatric respiratory medicine","first-page":"501","article-title":"Bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, and empyema","author":"Crawford","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib30","series-title":"The Microbiota in Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology","first-page":"119","article-title":"Use of Bacillus in human intestinal probiotic applications","author":"Schultz","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.116","article-title":"CD68\/macrosialin: not just a histochemical marker","volume":"97","author":"Chistiakov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01007-y","article-title":"Effect of fecal microbiota transplantation on neurological restoration in a spinal cord injury mouse model: involvement of brain-gut axis","volume":"9","author":"Jing","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3709","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1619406114","article-title":"Adult enteric nervous system in health is maintained by a dynamic balance between neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis","volume":"114","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102863","article-title":"Enteric glia in homeostasis and disease: From fundamental biology to human pathology","volume":"24","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106036","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation reduces mouse mortality from Listeria monocytogenes infection","volume":"178","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.047","article-title":"The tight junction protein ZO-1 is dispensable for barrier function but critical for effective mucosal repair","volume":"161","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2005.01.008","article-title":"Epithelial transport and barrier function in occludin-deficient mice","volume":"1669","author":"Schulzke","year":"2005","journal-title":"BBA Biomembr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1650","article-title":"Bayesian community-wide culture-independent microbial source tracking","volume":"8","author":"Knights","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv375","article-title":"Spinal cord injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome enhances infection susceptibility dependent on lesion level","volume":"139","author":"Brommer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1179\/1079026814Z.000000000260","article-title":"Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance","volume":"37","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3769","article-title":"Host\u2013microorganism interactions in lung diseases","volume":"14","author":"Marsland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9278441","article-title":"Gut-Lung microbiota in chronic pulmonary diseases: evolution, pathogenesis, and therapeutics","volume":"2021","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8070","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158070","article-title":"Bifidobacterium bifidum enhances the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier and protects against intestinal inflammation by targeting the toll-like receptor-2 pathway in an NF-\u03baB-independent manner","volume":"22","author":"Al-Sadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101320-014237","article-title":"The gut microbiome as a regulator of the neuroimmune landscape","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib45","article-title":"Epigenetic heterogeneity shapes the transcriptional landscape of regional microglia","author":"Margetts","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655_bib46","article-title":"Neural tracing protein-functionalized nanoparticles capable of fast retrograde axonal transport in live neurons","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226000301?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226000301?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:33:55Z","timestamp":1791336835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226000301"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226000301"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Gut-lung axis perturbation and Bifidobacterium potential after spinal cord injury in humans and mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114655","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114655"}}