{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:44:17Z","timestamp":1792813457492,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":259,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32271520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32271520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025JJ90229"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025JJ90229"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:42:50Z","timestamp":1769733770000},"page":"114835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Following the central dogma: Nanopore sequencing from DNA and RNA to proteins"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yutong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuaijian","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-2430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhuxin","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/171737a0","article-title":"Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid","volume":"171","author":"Watson","year":"1953","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13307","article-title":"DNA structure and function","volume":"282","author":"Travers","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.53.5.1104","article-title":"The twisted circular form of polyoma viral DNA","volume":"53","author":"Vinograd","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/320501a0","article-title":"DNA bending at adenine . thymine tracts","volume":"320","author":"Koo","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)55924-X","article-title":"The composition of the deoxyribonucleic acid of salmon sperm","volume":"192","author":"Chargaff","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2012.11.012","article-title":"DNA sequencing - spanning the generations","volume":"30","author":"McGinn","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib7","first-page":"57","article-title":"Sequence determination in nucleic acids","volume":"1","author":"Burton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.4.1209","article-title":"Use of DNA polymerase I primed by a synthetic oligonucleotide to determine a nucleotide sequence in phage f1 DNA","volume":"70","author":"Sanger","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.12.5463","article-title":"DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors","volume":"74","author":"Sanger","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.70.12.3581","article-title":"The nucleotide sequence of the lac operator","volume":"70","author":"Gilbert","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/321674a0","article-title":"Fluorescence detection in automated DNA sequence analysis","volume":"321","author":"Smith","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2443975","article-title":"A system for rapid DNA sequencing with fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides","volume":"238","author":"Prober","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-022X(86)90038-2","article-title":"A non-radioactive automated method for DNA sequence determination","volume":"13","author":"Ansorge","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)90202-X","article-title":"Separation of DNA restriction fragments by high performance capillary electrophoresis with low and zero crosslinked polyacrylamide using continuous and pulsed electric fields","volume":"516","author":"Heiger","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib15","first-page":"74","article-title":"DNA sequencing separations in capillary gels on a modified commercial DNA sequencing instrument","volume":"9","author":"Zagursky","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/9.13.3015","article-title":"Shotgun DNA sequencing using cloned DNase I-generated fragments","volume":"9","author":"Anderson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/35057062","article-title":"Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome","volume":"409","author":"Lander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03001","article-title":"Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome","volume":"431","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03959","article-title":"Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors","volume":"437","author":"Margulies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.9.081307.164359","article-title":"Next-generation DNA sequencing methods","volume":"9","author":"Mardis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1459","article-title":"Direct detection of DNA methylation during single-molecule, real-time sequencing","volume":"7","author":"Flusberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2016.05.004","article-title":"Oxford Nanopore MinION Sequencing and Genome Assembly","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02283-5","article-title":"Megabase-scale methylation phasing using nanopore long reads and NanoMethPhase","volume":"22","author":"Akbari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky066","article-title":"Single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing comes of age: applications and utilities for medical diagnostics","volume":"46","author":"Ardui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13770","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.24.13770","article-title":"Characterization of individual polynucleotide molecules using a membrane channel","volume":"93","author":"Kasianowicz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2015.01.009","article-title":"Nanopore-based fourth-generation DNA sequencing technology","volume":"13","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12324","article-title":"A first look at the Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer","volume":"14","author":"Mikheyev","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18904","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1310240110","article-title":"Detection and mapping of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine with nanopore MspA","volume":"110","author":"Laszlo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2950","article-title":"Decoding long nanopore sequencing reads of natural DNA","volume":"32","author":"Laszlo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-021-01108-x","article-title":"Nanopore sequencing technology, bioinformatics and applications","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6144","DOI":"10.1021\/nl403469r","article-title":"Nanopore-based identification of individual nucleotides for direct RNA sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Ayub","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262320","article-title":"Pore formation by Staphylococcus aureus alpha-toxin in lipid bilayers. Dependence upon temperature and toxin concentration","volume":"14","author":"Belmonte","year":"1987","journal-title":"Eur. Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1859","article-title":"Structure of staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin, a heptameric transmembrane pore","volume":"274","author":"Song","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1021\/ja057123+","article-title":"Toward single molecule DNA sequencing: direct identification of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates by using an engineered protein nanopore equipped with a molecular adapter","volume":"128","author":"Astier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7702","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901054106","article-title":"Single-nucleotide discrimination in immobilized DNA oligonucleotides with a biological nanopore","volume":"106","author":"Stoddart","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03662.x","article-title":"Mycobacterial porins--new channel proteins in unique outer membranes","volume":"49","author":"Niederweis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20647","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0807514106","article-title":"Single-molecule DNA detection with an engineered MspA protein nanopore","volume":"105","author":"Butler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16060","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1001831107","article-title":"Nanopore DNA sequencing with MspA","volume":"107","author":"Derrington","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2009.259","article-title":"Translocation of double-stranded DNA through membrane-adapted phi29 motor protein nanopores","volume":"4","author":"Wendell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2013.001","article-title":"Incorporation of a viral DNA-packaging motor channel in lipid bilayers for real-time, single-molecule sensing of chemicals and double-stranded DNA","volume":"8","author":"Haque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5046","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01514","article-title":"Driven Translocation of Polynucleotides Through an Aerolysin Nanopore","volume":"88","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.66","article-title":"Discrimination of oligonucleotides of different lengths with a wild-type aerolysin nanopore","volume":"11","author":"Cao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7201.1","article-title":"MinION Analysis and Reference Consortium: Phase 1 data release and analysis","volume":"4","author":"Ip","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4060","article-title":"Nanopore sequencing and assembly of a human genome with ultra-long reads","volume":"36","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat941","article-title":"Fabrication of solid-state nanopores with single-nanometre precision","volume":"2","author":"Storm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/25\/27\/275501","article-title":"Slowing single-stranded DNA translocation through a solid-state nanopore by decreasing the nanopore diameter","volume":"25","author":"Akahori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4716","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.108.140475","article-title":"DNA translocation governed by interactions with solid-state nanopores","volume":"95","author":"Wanunu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/35084037","article-title":"Ion-beam sculpting at nanometre length scales","volume":"412","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1021\/nl0494001","article-title":"Atomic Layer Deposition to Fine-Tune the Surface Properties and Diameters of Fabricated Nanopores","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1021\/nl052163x","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of nanopore-based electrodes with radii down to 2 nm","volume":"6","author":"Krapf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4014388","article-title":"Differentiation of short, single-stranded DNA homopolymers in solid-state nanopores","volume":"7","author":"Venta","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/21\/11\/115304","article-title":"Controlling nanopore size, shape and stability","volume":"21","author":"van den Hout","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat965","article-title":"DNA molecules and configurations in a solid-state nanopore microscope","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1021\/nl049267c","article-title":"DNA-Mediated Fluctuations in Ionic Current through Silicon Oxide Nanopore Channels","volume":"4","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09379","article-title":"Graphene as a subnanometre trans-electrode membrane","volume":"467","author":"Garaj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.1021\/nl102069z","article-title":"DNA translocation through graphene nanopores","volume":"10","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1021\/nn406102h","article-title":"Atomically thin molybdenum disulfide nanopores with high sensitivity for DNA translocation","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7914","DOI":"10.1021\/nn5029295","article-title":"DNA base detection using a single-layer MoS2","volume":"8","author":"Farimani","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2015.219","article-title":"Identification of single nucleotides in MoS2 nanopores","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.7b03987","article-title":"DNA Translocations through Nanopores under Nanoscale Preconfinement","volume":"18","author":"Briggs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7814","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c00937","article-title":"DNA Detection Using a Single-Layer Phosphorene Nanopore","volume":"6","author":"Boyd","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.1021\/nn403575n","article-title":"Stretching and controlled motion of single-stranded DNA in locally heated solid-state nanopores","volume":"7","author":"Belkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.104.238103","article-title":"Base-by-base ratcheting of single stranded DNA through a solid-state nanopore","volume":"104","author":"Luan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1038\/srep00046","article-title":"Single-molecule sensing electrode embedded in-plane nanopore","volume":"1","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22999","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08456","article-title":"Single-Molecule Detection of alpha-Synuclein Oligomers in Parkinson's Disease Patients Using Nanopores","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1021\/nl048030d","article-title":"Fast DNA translocation through a solid-state nanopore","volume":"5","author":"Storm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2007.27","article-title":"Solid-state nanopores","volume":"2","author":"Dekker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/85696","article-title":"Rapid discrimination among individual DNA hairpin molecules at single-nucleotide resolution using an ion channel","volume":"19","author":"Vercoutere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2147","article-title":"Automated forward and reverse ratcheting of DNA in a nanopore at 5-A precision","volume":"30","author":"Cherf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2171","article-title":"Reading DNA at single-nucleotide resolution with a mutant MspA nanopore and phi29 DNA polymerase","volume":"30","author":"Manrao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17961","DOI":"10.1021\/ja1087612","article-title":"Processive replication of single DNA molecules in a nanopore catalyzed by phi29 DNA polymerase","volume":"132","author":"Lieberman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11707","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku845","article-title":"Simultaneous binding to the tracking strand, displaced strand and the duplex of a DNA fork enhances unwinding by Dda helicase","volume":"42","author":"Aarattuthodiyil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3357","article-title":"Subangstrom single-molecule measurements of motor proteins using a nanopore","volume":"33","author":"Derrington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E6749","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1608271113","article-title":"Design and characterization of a nanopore-coupled polymerase for single-molecule DNA sequencing by synthesis on an electrode array","volume":"113","author":"Stranges","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1021\/nl051063o","article-title":"Slowing DNA translocation in a solid-state nanopore","volume":"5","author":"Fologea","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1021\/nl100271c","article-title":"Unraveling single-stranded DNA in a solid-state nanopore","volume":"10","author":"Kowalczyk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20844","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR04238A","article-title":"Identification of four single-stranded DNA homopolymers with a solid-state nanopore in alkaline CsCl solution","volume":"10","author":"Goto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2086","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.104.042960","article-title":"Microscopic Kinetics of DNA Translocation through synthetic nanopores","volume":"87","author":"Aksimentiev","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1021\/jz500498c","article-title":"Effects of Graphene Nanopore Geometry on DNA Sequencing","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01289-z","article-title":"Identifying synergistic high-order 3D chromatin conformations from genome-scale nanopore concatemer sequencing","volume":"40","author":"Deshpande","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1495","article-title":"The potential and challenges of nanopore sequencing","volume":"26","author":"Branton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2010.42","article-title":"Identifying single nucleotides by tunnelling current","volume":"5","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6037-4_9","article-title":"Challenges of Single-Molecule DNA Sequencing with Solid-State Nanopores","volume":"1129","author":"Goto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.5772\/64015","article-title":"Fabrications, Applications and Challenges of Solid-State Nanopores: A Mini Review","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomater. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1103-0","article-title":"The Oxford Nanopore MinION: delivery of nanopore sequencing to the genomics community","volume":"17","author":"Jain","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28996","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA02364K","article-title":"Recent advances in biological nanopores for nanopore sequencing, sensing and comparison of functional variations in MspA mutants","volume":"11","author":"Bhatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202418462","article-title":"Nanopore-Functionalized Hybrid Lipid-Block Copolymer Membranes Allow Efficient Single-Molecule Sampling and Stable Sensing of Human Serum","volume":"37","author":"Vreeker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2012.12.008","article-title":"Solid-State and Biological Nanopore for Real-Time Sensing of Single Chemical and Sequencing of DNA","volume":"8","author":"Haque","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03996-z","article-title":"De novo yeast genome assemblies from MinION, PacBio and MiSeq platforms","volume":"7","author":"Giordano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1093\/bfgp\/elw043","article-title":"On the design and prospects of direct RNA sequencing. Brief","volume":"16","author":"Marinov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Funct. Genomics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1226","article-title":"Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq","volume":"5","author":"Mortazavi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0097","article-title":"Realizing the potential of full-length transcriptome sequencing","volume":"374","author":"Byrne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.49658","article-title":"Nanopore direct RNA sequencing maps the complexity of Arabidopsis mRNA processing and m(6)A modification","volume":"9","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4110","article-title":"Epitranscriptome sequencing technologies: decoding RNA modifications","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-022-01169-2","article-title":"Identification of nucleoside monophosphates and their epigenetic modifications using an engineered nanopore","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-025-01965-6","article-title":"Nanopore detection of single-nucleotide RNA mutations and modifications with programmable nanolatches","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/32.7.1412b","article-title":"Two spectrophotometric methods compared for measuring low concentrations of ascorbate in plasma and urine","volume":"32","author":"Chalmers","year":"1986","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9121794","article-title":"Nanopore RNA Sequencing Revealed Long Non-Coding and LTR Retrotransposon-Related RNAs Expressed at Early Stages of Triticale SEED Development","volume":"9","author":"Kirov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/jipb.13002","article-title":"Profiling of circular RNA N(6) -methyladenosine in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) using nanopore-based direct RNA sequencing","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Integr. Plant Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00091","article-title":"Capture, Unfolding, and Detection of Individual tRNA Molecules Using a Nanopore Device","volume":"3","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/dnares\/dsy038","article-title":"Evaluation and application of RNA-Seq by MinION","volume":"26","author":"Seki","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.635601","article-title":"Targeted RNA-Based Oxford Nanopore Sequencing for Typing 12 Classical HLA Genes","volume":"12","author":"Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib103","article-title":"MinION Nanopore Sequencing of Skin Microbiome 16S and 16S-23S rRNA Gene Amplicons","volume":"11","author":"Rozas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/life12010069","article-title":"Direct RNA Nanopore Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 Extracted from Critical Material from Swabs","volume":"12","author":"Vacca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj6987","article-title":"The complete sequence of a human genome","volume":"376","author":"Nurk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj5089","article-title":"Epigenetic patterns in a complete human genome","volume":"376","author":"Gershman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4178","article-title":"Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres","volume":"376","author":"Altemose","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl3533","article-title":"A complete reference genome improves analysis of human genetic variation","volume":"376","author":"Aganezov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abj6965","article-title":"Segmental duplications and their variation in a complete human genome","volume":"376","author":"Vollger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2369","article-title":"Proteoform: a single term describing protein complexity","volume":"10","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.80","article-title":"Mitochondrial diseases","volume":"2","author":"Gorman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1411-0","article-title":"Advances in epigenetics link genetics to the environment and disease","volume":"571","author":"Cavalli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-1221","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease and the amyloid-beta peptide","volume":"19","author":"Murphy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11183-z","article-title":"Structure of amyloid-beta (20-34) with Alzheimer's-associated isomerization at Asp23 reveals a distinct protofilament interface","volume":"10","author":"Warmack","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biophys-102121-103615","article-title":"Protein Sequencing, One Molecule at a Time","volume":"51","author":"Floyd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2019.09.005","article-title":"Strategies for Development of a Next-Generation Protein Sequencing Platform","volume":"45","author":"Callahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0236-6","article-title":"Paving the way to single-molecule protein sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Restrepo-Perez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14738","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202013462","article-title":"Biological Nanopore Approach for Single-Molecule Protein Sequencing","volume":"60","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1967.tb00047.x","article-title":"A Protein Sequenator","volume":"1","author":"Edman","year":"1967","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004080","article-title":"A theoretical justification for single molecule peptide sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4380","article-title":"Simultaneous epitope and transcriptome measurement in single cells","volume":"14","author":"Stoeckius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3338","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707207115","article-title":"Single-molecule peptide fingerprinting","volume":"115","author":"van Ginkel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60761-444-9_8","article-title":"De novo sequencing methods in proteomics","volume":"604","author":"Hughes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133987","article-title":"Chemistry. Mass spectrometry: bottom-up or top-down?","volume":"314","author":"Chait","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3902","article-title":"Recognizing millions of consistently unidentified spectra across hundreds of shotgun proteomics datasets","volume":"13","author":"Griss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1126\/science.273.5279.1199","article-title":"Attomole protein characterization by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry","volume":"273","author":"Valaskovic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax8978","article-title":"Beyond mass spectrometry, the next step in proteomics","volume":"6","author":"Timp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102736","article-title":"MS-based technologies for untargeted single-cell proteomics","volume":"76","author":"Beck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.120","article-title":"Reading the primary structure of a protein with 0.07 nm(3) resolution using a subnanometre-diameter pore","volume":"11","author":"Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3988","article-title":"Teaching nanopores to speak protein","volume":"13","author":"Eisenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5440","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b08452","article-title":"Discriminating Residue Substitutions in a Single Protein Molecule Using a Sub-nanopore","volume":"11","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2503","article-title":"Unfoldase-mediated protein translocation through an \u03b1-hemolysin nanopore","volume":"31","author":"Nivala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4381","article-title":"Multiple rereads of single proteins at single\u2013amino acid resolution using nanopores","volume":"374","author":"Brinkerhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07935-7","article-title":"Multi-pass, single-molecule nanopore reading of long protein strands","volume":"633","author":"Motone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02021-8","article-title":"Unambiguous discrimination of all 20 proteinogenic amino acids and their modifications by nanopore","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16060","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c06211","article-title":"Resolving isomeric posttranslational modifications using a biological nanopore as a sensor of molecular shape","volume":"144","author":"Ensslen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01462-8","article-title":"Enzyme-less nanopore detection of post-translational modifications within long polypeptides","volume":"18","author":"Martin-Baniandres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11685","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NR02450A","article-title":"SDS-assisted protein transport through solid-state nanopores","volume":"9","author":"Restrepo-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10265-2","article-title":"Measurements of the size and correlations between ions using an electrolytic point contact","volume":"10","author":"Rigo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib140","article-title":"Resolving the Amino Acid Sequence of A\u03b21-42 at the Single-Residue Level Using Subnanopores in Ultrathin Films","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4071","DOI":"10.1021\/ac300129e","article-title":"Thermal Unfolding of Proteins Probed at the Single Molecule Level Using Nanopores","volume":"84","author":"Payet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13242","DOI":"10.1021\/am5031177","article-title":"Quantitative understanding of pH- and salt-mediated conformational folding of histidine-containing, beta-hairpin-like peptides, through single-molecule probing with protein nanopores","volume":"6","author":"Mereuta","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9652","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.5b04984","article-title":"Click addition of a DNA thread to the N-termini of peptides for their translocation through solid-state nanopores","volume":"9","author":"Biswas","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c02371","article-title":"Single molecule ratcheting motion of peptides in a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) nanopore","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01598-3","article-title":"Unidirectional single-file transport of full-length proteins through a nanopore","volume":"41","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14451","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b03163","article-title":"Protein nanopore-based discrimination between selected neutral amino acids from polypeptides","volume":"33","author":"Asandei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00190J","article-title":"Aerolysin nanopore-based identification of proteinogenic amino acids using a bipolar peptide probe","volume":"4","author":"Ge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0345-2","article-title":"Electrical recognition of the twenty proteinogenic amino acids using an aerolysin nanopore","volume":"38","author":"Ouldali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-024-02208-7","article-title":"Real-time detection of 20 amino acids and discrimination of pathologically relevant peptides with functionalized nanopore","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02095-4","article-title":"Peptide sequencing based on host\u2013guest interaction-assisted nanopore sensing","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpro.2021.100129","article-title":"Decoding post-translational modification crosstalk with proteomics","volume":"20","author":"Leutert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.22","article-title":"Multistep protein unfolding during nanopore translocation","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez-Larrea","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2799","article-title":"Single-molecule site-specific detection of protein phosphorylation with a nanopore","volume":"32","author":"Rosen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202000014","article-title":"T232K\/K238Q aerolysin nanopore for mapping adjacent phosphorylation sites of a single tau peptide","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01839-z","article-title":"Detection of phosphorylation post-translational modifications along single peptides with nanopores","volume":"42","author":"Nova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28999","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c09872","article-title":"Resolving sulfation posttranslational modifications on a peptide hormone using nanopores","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5357","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c01338","article-title":"Quantification of protein glycosylation using nanopores","volume":"22","author":"Versloot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9600","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c09958","article-title":"The manipulation of the internal hydrophobicity of FraC nanopores augments peptide capture and recognition","volume":"15","author":"Lucas","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcb.5b06435","article-title":"Electrostatic interactions between OmpG nanopore and analyte protein surface can distinguish between glycosylated isoforms","volume":"119","author":"Fahie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4387","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.6b07760","article-title":"Label-free and real-time detection of protein ubiquitination with a biological nanopore","volume":"11","author":"Wloka","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.03.025","article-title":"Direct Sensing and Discrimination among Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin Chains Using Solid-State Nanopores","volume":"108","author":"Nir","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.202100041","article-title":"Enhanced identification of Tau acetylation and phosphorylation with an engineered aerolysin nanopore","volume":"22","author":"Huo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c02978","article-title":"Probing the effect of ubiquitinated histone on mononucleosomes by translocation dynamics study through solid-state nanopores","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202422692","article-title":"Precise Identification of Native Peptides with Posttranslational Proline Hydroxylation by Nanopore","volume":"64","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib165","series-title":"Essentials of Glycobiology","article-title":"The O-GlcNAc Modification","author":"Hart","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib166","first-page":"1010","article-title":"Cesium-137 tube (Dosimetry using fluoroglass rods). Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai zasshi","volume":"28","author":"Yasukochi","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nippon Acta Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7957","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.9b03134","article-title":"Label-free detection of post-translational modifications with a nanopore","volume":"19","author":"Restrepo-P\u00e9rez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24265","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c03912","article-title":"Location of phosphorylation sites within long polypeptide chains by binder-assisted nanopore detection","volume":"146","author":"Lan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib169","article-title":"Genetic association analysis of the cardiovascular biomarker: N-terminal fragment of pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1875","article-title":"Application of peptide biomarkers in life analysis based on liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry technology","volume":"48","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15112","article-title":"Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of exosomes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"156","author":"Soares Martins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.267","article-title":"Real-time shape approximation and fingerprinting of single proteins using a nanopore","volume":"12","author":"Yusko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19332-y","article-title":"Sensing native protein solution structures using a solid-state nanopore: Unraveling the states of VEGF","volume":"8","author":"Varongchayakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1021\/nn4004567","article-title":"Single protein molecule detection by glass nanopores","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.4c00020","article-title":"Identification and detection of a peptide biomarker and its enantiomer by nanopore","volume":"10","author":"Ratinho","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46303-x","article-title":"Nanopore analysis of cis-diols in fruits","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2716","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c11758","article-title":"Nanopore-based protein identification","volume":"144","author":"Afshar Bakshloo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2105653","article-title":"Protein detection by nanopores equipped with aptamers","volume":"134","author":"Rotem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21093","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04420","article-title":"Quantitation of circulating mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens by nanopore biosensing in children evaluated for pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.12.033","article-title":"Direction-and salt-dependent ionic current signatures for DNA sensing with asymmetric nanopores","volume":"112","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3819","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c00877","article-title":"Electro-osmotic vortices promote the capture of folded proteins by PlyAB nanopores","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01006-4","article-title":"Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores","volume":"8","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c09259","article-title":"Machine learning assisted simultaneous structural profiling of differently charged proteins in a Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA) electroosmotic trap","volume":"144","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1002\/celc.201800288","article-title":"Detection of peptides with different charges and lengths by using the aerolysin nanopore","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemelectrochem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-021-00958-5","article-title":"Nanopore electro-osmotic trap for the label-free study of single proteins and their conformations","volume":"16","author":"Schmid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c03569","article-title":"Orientation-locked DNA origami for stable trapping of small proteins in the nanopore electro-osmotic trap","volume":"23","author":"Wen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib187","article-title":"Identification of Oligosaccharide Isomers Using Electrostatically Asymmetric OmpF Nanopore","volume":"64","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25155","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c07038","article-title":"Single-molecule identification and quantification of steviol glycosides with a deep learning-powered nanopore sensor","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c08433","article-title":"Identification of conformational variants for bradykinin biomarker peptides from a biofluid using a nanopore and machine learning","volume":"18","author":"Greive","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18355","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.3c04076","article-title":"Seeing the invisibles: detection of peptide enantiomers, diastereomers, and isobaric ring formation in lanthipeptides using nanopores","volume":"145","author":"Abraham Versloot","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202206227","article-title":"PlyAB nanopores detect single amino acid differences in folded haemoglobin from blood","volume":"61","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01954-x","article-title":"Translocation of linearized full-length proteins through an engineered nanopore under opposing electrophoretic force","volume":"42","author":"Sauciuc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12412","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c01571","article-title":"Precise structural analysis of neutral glycans using aerolysin mutant T240R nanopore","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9167","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c12733","article-title":"Specific detection of proteins by a nanobody-functionalized nanopore sensor","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.119222","article-title":"Channel from bacterial virus T7 DNA packaging motor for the differentiation of peptides composed of a mixture of acidic and basic amino acids","volume":"214","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1021\/am5056596","article-title":"Nanopore sensing of botulinum toxin type B by discriminating an enzymatically cleaved peptide from a synaptic protein synaptobrevin 2 derivative","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.1021\/nl3024438","article-title":"An engineered ClyA nanopore detects folded target proteins by selective external association and pore entry","volume":"12","author":"Soskine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1021\/ja512521w","article-title":"Specific protein detection using designed DNA carriers and nanopores","volume":"137","author":"Bell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01584-3","article-title":"Single molecule multiplexed nanopore protein screening in human serum using aptamer modified DNA carriers","volume":"8","author":"Sze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506606e","article-title":"Resolved single-molecule detection of individual species within a mixture of anti-biotin antibodies using an engineered monomeric nanopore","volume":"9","author":"Fahie","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11143","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b03350","article-title":"Selective detection of protein homologues in serum using an OmpG nanopore","volume":"87","author":"Fahie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202214566","article-title":"An Engineered OmpG Nanopore with Displayed Peptide Motifs for Single-Molecule Multiplex Protein Detection","volume":"62","author":"Foster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4085","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06534-1","article-title":"Direct electrical quantification of glucose and asparagine from bodily fluids using nanopores","volume":"9","author":"Galenkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202201033","article-title":"Single-Molecule Sensing of Acidic Catecholamine Metabolites Using a Programmable Nanopore","volume":"28","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eur J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19711","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR04900J","article-title":"Reduction chemistry-assisted nanopore determination method for immunoglobulin isotypes","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429a","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.11.2351","article-title":"Stochastic sensing of proteins with receptor-modified solid-state nanopores","volume":"102","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9814","DOI":"10.1021\/nn404435v","article-title":"Engineered nanopore of Phi29 DNA-packaging motor for real-time detection of single colon cancer specific antibody in serum","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12826","DOI":"10.1021\/nn506077e","article-title":"Detection of two isomeric binding configurations in a protein\u2013aptamer complex with a biological nanopore","volume":"8","author":"Van Meervelt","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FD00042J","article-title":"Nanopore-based measurement of the interaction of P450cam monooxygenase and putidaredoxin at the single-molecule level","volume":"233","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Faraday Discuss."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c02580","article-title":"Tuning protein discrimination through altering the sampling interface formed between the analyte and the OmpG nanopore","volume":"6","author":"Fahie","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.2c13465","article-title":"Nanopore detection using supercharged polypeptide molecular carriers","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339a","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2021.11.1084","article-title":"Mapping the conformational energy landscape of Abl kinase using ClyA nanopore tweezers","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8620","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CC03927A","article-title":"Single antibody\u2013antigen interactions monitored via transient ionic current recording using nanopore sensors","volume":"53","author":"Ying","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4316","article-title":"Real-time measurement of protein\u2013protein interactions at single-molecule resolution using a biological nanopore","volume":"37","author":"Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36944-9","article-title":"A generalizable nanopore sensor for highly specific protein detection at single-molecule precision","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/s41557-023-01139-8","article-title":"Protein nanopore reveals the renin\u2013angiotensin system crosstalk with single-amino-acid resolution","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b07697","article-title":"Single-molecule protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation by nanopore enzymology","volume":"13","author":"Harrington","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5883","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SC00386K","article-title":"Single-molecule analysis of interaction between p53TAD and MDM2 using aerolysin nanopores","volume":"12","author":"Oh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7449","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.1c04840","article-title":"Single-Molecule Sensing of an Anticancer Therapeutic Protein\u2013Protein Interaction Using the Chemically Modified OmpG Nanopore","volume":"94","author":"Hwang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20468","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c04857","article-title":"Real-Time Measurement of a Weak Interaction of a Transcription Factor Motif with a Protein Hub at Single-Molecule Precision","volume":"18","author":"Mayse","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10206","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c03159","article-title":"Single-molecule exchange inside a nanocage provides insights into the origin of \u03c0\u2013\u03c0 interactions","volume":"146","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-062917-012034","article-title":"Directed evolution of protein catalysts","volume":"87","author":"Zeymer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0230","article-title":"Single-molecule nanopore enzymology","volume":"372","author":"Willems","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2019.07.045","article-title":"A nanopore approach for analysis of caspase-7 activity in cell lysates","volume":"117","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9521","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3043646","article-title":"Engineering a rigid protein tunnel for biomolecular detection","volume":"134","author":"Mohammad","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2014.06.041","article-title":"Real-time label-free measurement of HIV-1 protease activity by nanopore analysis","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00043","article-title":"Label-free nanopore single-molecule measurement of trypsin activity","volume":"1","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9149","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b01764","article-title":"Nanopore-based electrical and label-free sensing of enzyme activity in blood serum","volume":"87","author":"Kukwikila","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.201900892","article-title":"Single-molecule interaction of peptides with a biological nanopore for identification of protease activity","volume":"4","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib230","article-title":"Site-Specific Introduction of Bioorthogonal Handles to Nanopores by Genetic Code Expansion","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41929-023-01048-6","article-title":"Sub-micro-and nano-sized polyethylene terephthalate deconstruction with engineered protein nanopores","volume":"6","author":"Robles-Mart\u00edn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Catal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8396","DOI":"10.1021\/ac200593g","article-title":"Sensitive and rapid screening of T4 polynucleotide kinase activity and inhibition based on coupled exonuclease reaction and graphene oxide platform","volume":"83","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7255","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b01783","article-title":"Single-molecule detection of polynucleotide kinase based on phosphorylation-directed recovery of fluorescence quenched by au nanoparticles","volume":"89","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9910","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.9b01570","article-title":"A wild-type nanopore sensor for protein kinase activity","volume":"91","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.34133\/2019\/1050735","volume":"2019","author":"Ying","year":"2019","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9266","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad660","article-title":"Observing inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 helicase at single-nucleotide resolution","volume":"51","author":"Marx","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201802412","article-title":"Nanopore-based, rapid characterization of individual amyloid particles in solution: concepts, challenges, and prospects","volume":"14","author":"Houghtaling","year":"2018","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1021\/cb2004737","article-title":"Wild type, mutant protein unfolding and phase transition detected by single-nanopore recording","volume":"7","author":"Merstorf","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9287","DOI":"10.1021\/ja901088b","article-title":"Single-molecule protein unfolding in solid state nanopores","volume":"131","author":"Talaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01638","article-title":"Single molecule unfolding and stretching of protein domains inside a solid-state nanopore by electric field","volume":"3","author":"Freedman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.1c11540","article-title":"Nanopore current enhancements lack protein charge dependence and elucidate maximum unfolding at protein\u2019s isoelectric point","volume":"144","author":"Bandara","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13456","DOI":"10.1021\/ja4053398","article-title":"Tuning the size and properties of ClyA nanopores assisted by directed evolution","volume":"135","author":"Soskine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08761-6","article-title":"FraC nanopores with adjustable diameter identify the mass of opposite-charge peptides with 44 dalton resolution","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.7b07842","article-title":"Protein translocation through a MoS2 nanopore: a molecular dynamics study","volume":"C122","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32800-4","article-title":"Comprehensive structural assignment of glycosaminoglycan oligo- and polysaccharides by protein nanopore","volume":"13","author":"Bayat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.029","article-title":"Tau PTM Profiles Identify Patient Heterogeneity and Stages of Alzheimer's Disease","volume":"183","author":"Wesseling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6615","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c01017","article-title":"Identification of single-molecule catecholamine enantiomers using a programmable nanopore","volume":"16","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c11286","article-title":"Single-molecule interconversion between chiral configurations of boronate esters observed in a nanoreactor","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.0c00193","article-title":"Mechanisms of heparin-induced tau aggregation revealed by a single nanopore","volume":"5","author":"Giamblanco","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071114-040733","article-title":"Advances in antibody design","volume":"17","author":"Tiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1039\/B907735A","article-title":"Single molecule sensing by nanopores and nanopore devices","volume":"135","author":"Gu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28465-8","article-title":"Disentangling the recognition complexity of a protein hub using a nanopore","volume":"13","author":"Mayse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.6b00627","article-title":"Label-free nanopore biosensor for rapid and highly sensitive cocaine detection in complex biological fluids","volume":"2","author":"Rauf","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7568","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201502047","article-title":"A universal strategy for aptamer-based nanopore sensing through host\u2013guest interactions inside \u03b1-hemolysin","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15831","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c02824","article-title":"Structural determinants of peptide nanopore formation","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5364","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40870-1","article-title":"DNA nanopores as artificial membrane channels for bioprotonics","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51630-0","article-title":"A lumen-tunable triangular DNA nanopore for molecular sensing and cross-membrane transport","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn3796","article-title":"Sculpting conducting nanopore size and shape through de novo protein design","volume":"385","author":"Berhanu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835_bib259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11882","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201803324","article-title":"Simultaneous quantification of multiple cancer biomarkers in blood samples through DNA-assisted nanopore sensing","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226002105?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226002105?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:51:00Z","timestamp":1791337860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226002105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":259,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226002105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Following the central dogma: Nanopore sequencing from DNA and RNA to proteins","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.114835","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114835"}}