{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:00:40Z","timestamp":1790697640401,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011775","name":"BC Children's Hospital Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T17:56:22Z","timestamp":1772474182000},"page":"115175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["HKU1 immune imprinting is associated with post-COVID symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Abdelilah","family":"Majdoubi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison W.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Amirhossein","family":"Golzan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahaa","family":"Abu-Raya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sirui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Shew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Reicherz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise C.","family":"M\u00e2sse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal M.","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050697","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron: Viral Evolution, Immune Evasion, and Alternative Durable Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"16","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-021-00872-5","article-title":"Addendum: A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology","volume":"6","author":"Rambaut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00524-2","article-title":"Evasion of neutralising antibodies by omicron sublineage BA.2.75","volume":"22","author":"Sheward","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.10.003","article-title":"Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2.75 variant","volume":"30","author":"Saito","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.09.018","article-title":"Characterization of the enhanced infectivity and antibody evasion of Omicron BA.2.75","volume":"30","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00642-9","article-title":"Further humoral immunity evasion of emerging SARS-CoV-2 BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants","volume":"22","author":"Jian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2403211","article-title":"Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron Eras","volume":"391","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00476-1","article-title":"Long COVID associated with SARS-CoV-2 reinfection among children and adolescents in the omicron era (RECOVER-EHR): a retrospective cohort study","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612962","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections and Long COVID in the Post-Omicron Phase of the Pandemic","volume":"24","author":"Boufidou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofae608","article-title":"Risk of Reinfection and Incidence of Chronic Symptoms After SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"11","author":"Golding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf046","article-title":"Long-COVID incidence proportion in adults and children between 2020 and 2024","volume":"80","author":"Mandel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43661-w","article-title":"True prevalence of long-COVID in a nationwide, population cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Hastie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57849-9","article-title":"Long COVID after SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Zang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03173-6","article-title":"Long COVID science, research and policy","volume":"30","author":"Al-Aly","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI162192","article-title":"Impact of antigenic evolution and original antigenic sin on SARS-CoV-2 immunity","volume":"133","author":"Aguilar-Bretones","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2211055","article-title":"Immune Imprinting and Protection against Repeat Reinfection with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"387","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06753-7","article-title":"Repeated Omicron exposures override ancestral SARS-CoV-2 immune imprinting","volume":"625","author":"Yisimayi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adc9127","article-title":"Imprinted antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages","volume":"378","author":"Park","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05644-7","article-title":"Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent Omicron RBD evolution","volume":"614","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2214293","article-title":"Neutralization against BA.2.75.2, BQ.1.1, and XBB from mRNA Bivalent Booster","volume":"388","author":"Davis-Gardner","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq3511","article-title":"Recall of preexisting cross-reactive B cell memory after Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection","volume":"7","author":"Kaku","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abq2427","article-title":"Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection drives cross-variant neutralization and memory B cell formation against conserved epitopes","volume":"7","author":"Quandt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2214314","article-title":"Substantial Neutralization Escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants BQ.1.1 and XBB.1","volume":"388","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00181-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after bivalent versus monovalent booster","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06025-4","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron boosting induces de novo B cell response in humans","volume":"617","author":"Alsoussi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.04.012","article-title":"Immunological imprinting: Understanding COVID-19","volume":"56","author":"Koutsakos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib27","article-title":"Structural Comparison of the SARS CoV 2 Spike Protein Relative to Other Human-Infecting Coronaviruses","volume":"7","author":"Cueno","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.81167","article-title":"Revealing druggable cryptic pockets in the Nsp1 of SARS-CoV-2 and other beta-coronaviruses by simulations and crystallography","volume":"11","author":"Borsatto","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00636-10","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical presentations of the four human coronaviruses 229E, HKU1, NL63, and OC43 detected over 3 years using a novel multiplex real-time PCR method","volume":"48","author":"Gaunt","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.09.001","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of Human Coronavirus Genomes","volume":"25","author":"Forni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.07.012","article-title":"Immunological memory to common cold coronaviruses assessed longitudinally over a three-year period pre-COVID19 pandemic","volume":"30","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2282","article-title":"An overview on the seven pathogenic human coronaviruses","volume":"32","author":"Kesheh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105105","article-title":"Recent infection with HCoV-OC43 may be associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"25","author":"Lavell","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.150449","article-title":"Health care worker seromonitoring reveals complex relationships between common coronavirus antibodies and COVID-19 symptom duration","volume":"6","author":"Gouma","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27427","article-title":"Humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses in COVID-19 patients","volume":"94","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.954093","article-title":"Are higher antibody levels against seasonal human coronaviruses associated with a more robust humoral immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination?","volume":"13","author":"Asamoah-Boaheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI150613","article-title":"Seasonal coronavirus-specific B cells with limited SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity dominate the IgG response in severe COVID-19","volume":"131","author":"Aguilar-Bretones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib38","article-title":"Cross-reactive serum and memory B-cell responses to spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 and endemic coronavirus infection","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abh1823","article-title":"Cross-reactive CD4(+) T cells enhance SARS-CoV-2 immune responses upon infection and vaccination","volume":"374","author":"Loyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111022","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination elicits an evolving, cross-reactive antibody response to epitopes conserved with endemic coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"40","author":"Elko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.010","article-title":"Seasonal human coronavirus antibodies are boosted upon SARS-CoV-2 infection but not associated with protection","volume":"184","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110169","article-title":"Evidence for increased SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and COVID-19 severity related to pre-existing immunity to seasonal coronaviruses","volume":"37","author":"Wratil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23977-1","article-title":"Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients","volume":"12","author":"Aydillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111496","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit higher levels of original antigenic sin antibodies compared with SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.02.005","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing anti-S2 antibodies protect against all three human betacoronaviruses that cause deadly disease","volume":"56","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abj2901","article-title":"Early cross-coronavirus reactive signatures of humoral immunity against COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Kaplonek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146316","article-title":"A majority of uninfected adults show preexisting antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Majdoubi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.75228","article-title":"Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike","volume":"11","author":"Crowley","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02423","article-title":"The Effect of Timing of Tetanus-Diphtheria-Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Administration in Pregnancy on the Avidity of Pertussis Antibodies","volume":"10","author":"Abu-Raya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e579","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae072","article-title":"A Novel Anti-nucleocapsid Antibody Avidity Method for Identifying SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections","volume":"230","author":"Golding","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac492","article-title":"Antibody Avidity Maturation Following Recovery From Infection or the Booster Vaccination Grants Breadth of SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Capacity","volume":"227","author":"Nakagama","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib52","first-page":"81","article-title":"Potent high-avidity neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses after COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with B cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Keppler-Hafkemeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04778-y","article-title":"Increased memory B cell potency and breadth after a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA boost","volume":"607","author":"Muecksch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.04.009","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reveals an Evolutionary Distinct and Proteolytically Sensitive Activation Loop","volume":"432","author":"Jaimes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-071228","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cross-sectional seroprevalence study among public school staff in Metro Vancouver after the first Omicron wave in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"13","author":"Watts","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-095685","article-title":"Chronic health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on school workers: a cross-sectional post-pandemic analysis","volume":"15","author":"Watts","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad155","article-title":"Neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 are determined by immunologic imprinting from previous coronaviruses","volume":"146","author":"Spatola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adf6598","article-title":"Humoral immunity to an endemic coronavirus is associated with postacute sequelae of COVID-19 in individuals with rheumatic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Herman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44211-0","article-title":"IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition","volume":"15","author":"Haslund-Gourley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2019.07.002","article-title":"A high-throughput, bead-based, antigen-specific assay to assess the ability of antibodies to induce complement activation","volume":"473","author":"Fischinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10230-y","article-title":"Cross-reactive antibodies elicited to conserved epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike protein after infection and vaccination","volume":"12","author":"Geanes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.70330","article-title":"Cross-reactive antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"10","author":"Grobben","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01088-9","article-title":"BNT162b2 vaccine induces divergent B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 S1 and S2","volume":"23","author":"Brewer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20251146","article-title":"Common cold embecovirus imprinting primes broadly neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 S2","volume":"222","author":"Changrob","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0488-4","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and evolutionary histories of human coronavirus OC43 and HKU1 among patients with upper respiratory tract infections in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia","volume":"13","author":"Al-Khannaq","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adn5658","article-title":"Structure and inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike refolding in membranes","volume":"385","author":"Grunst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300297","article-title":"Discovery of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S2 protein antibody CV804 with broad-spectrum reactivity with various beta coronaviruses and analysis of its pharmacological properties in vitro and in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Tsugawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32232-0","article-title":"A public antibody class recognizes an S2 epitope exposed on open conformations of SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"13","author":"Claireaux","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2220582","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike S2-specific neutralizing antibodies","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2024.08.022","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of a pan-betacoronavirus S2-binding antibody","volume":"32","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012383","article-title":"The S2 subunit of spike encodes diverse targets for functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2","volume":"20","author":"Guenthoer","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac151","article-title":"Neurovascular injury with complement activation and inflammation in COVID-19","volume":"145","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1216457","article-title":"COVID, complement, and the brain","volume":"14","author":"Vlaicu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83710","article-title":"Identification of a conserved S2 epitope present on spike proteins from all highly pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"12","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib76","article-title":"Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Infection through Blocking Membrane Fusion","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5496","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49656-5","article-title":"A broadly generalizable stabilization strategy for sarbecovirus fusion machinery vaccines","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00550-25","article-title":"Endemic coronavirus infection is associated with SARS-CoV-2 Fc receptor-binding antibodies","volume":"99","author":"Bean","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03738-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses","volume":"596","author":"Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-057846","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among Vancouver public school staff in British Columbia, Canada: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24518","article-title":"Comprehensive phenotyping of human peripheral blood B lymphocytes in pathological conditions","volume":"101","author":"Carsetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytometry. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ado1331","article-title":"Deep profiling of B cells responding to various pathogens uncovers compartments in IgG memory B cell and antibody-secreting lineages","volume":"11","author":"Claireaux","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S258900422600550X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S258900422600550X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:03:21Z","timestamp":1790694201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S258900422600550X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S258900422600550X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"HKU1 immune imprinting is associated with post-COVID symptoms after SARS-CoV-2 infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.115175","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115175"}}