{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:37:29Z","timestamp":1791941849746,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001649","name":"European Geosciences Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001649","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014596","name":"Nature Conservancy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014596","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007098","name":"Sall Family Foundation Inc","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006273","name":"Bureau de Recherches G\u00e9ologiques et Mini\u00e8res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T21:55:31Z","timestamp":1780005331000},"page":"116041","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effective restoration can avoid peatland fires: Large scale counterfactual assessment in Kalimantan, Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasis","family":"Ritonga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuta","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adibtya","family":"Asyhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisa","family":"Novita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adi","family":"Gangga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Erbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Cheptoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Yeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Leavitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2017.09.035","article-title":"A review of the drivers of tropical peatland degradation in South-East Asia","volume":"69","author":"Dohong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA001873","article-title":"Identifying Key Drivers of Peatland Fires Across Kalimantan\u2019s Ex-Mega Rice Project Using Machine Learning","volume":"8","author":"Horton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13186","article-title":"Variable carbon losses from recurrent fires in drained tropical peatlands","volume":"22","author":"Konecny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1071\/WF17084","article-title":"Review of emissions from smouldering peat fires and their contribution to regional haze episodes","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2011.61.1.10","article-title":"Biodiversity and Conservation of Tropical Peat Swamp Forests","volume":"61","author":"Posa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo443","article-title":"Human amplification of drought-induced biomass burning in Indonesia since 1960","volume":"2","author":"Field","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-018-1082-3","article-title":"Increased fire hazard in human-modified wetlands in Southeast Asia","volume":"48","author":"Taufik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ambio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27353-x","article-title":"Assessing costs of Indonesian fires and the benefits of restoring peatland","volume":"12","author":"Kiely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-27075-0","article-title":"Accuracy of tropical peat and non-peat fire forecasts enhanced by simulating hydrology","volume":"13","author":"Mezbahuddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02279.x","article-title":"Global and regional importance of the tropical peatland carbon pool","volume":"17","author":"Page","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac45b3","article-title":"Aboveground forest biomass varies across continents, ecological zones and successional stages: refined IPCC default values for tropical and subtropical forests","volume":"17","author":"Rozendaal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.14054","article-title":"Opportunities and risk management of peat restoration in Indonesia: lessons learned from peat restoration actors","volume":"32","author":"Lestari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06112","article-title":"Major atmospheric emissions from peat fires in Southeast Asia during non-drought years: evidence from the 2013 Sumatran fires","volume":"4","author":"Gaveau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-006-9045-6","article-title":"Indonesian peat and vegetation fire emissions: Study on factors influencing large-scale smoke haze pollution using a regional atmospheric chemistry model","volume":"12","author":"Heil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01131","article-title":"The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997","volume":"420","author":"Page","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11105","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-11105-2019","article-title":"New estimate of particulate emissions from Indonesian peat fires in 2015","volume":"19","author":"Kiely","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-9-697-2017","article-title":"Global fire emissions estimates during 1997\u20132016","volume":"9","author":"van der Werf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26886","article-title":"Fire carbon emissions over maritime southeast Asia in 2015 largest since 1997","volume":"6","author":"Huijnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094023","article-title":"Public health impacts of the severe haze in Equatorial Asia in September\u2013October 2015: demonstration of a new framework for informing fire management strategies to reduce downwind smoke exposure","volume":"11","author":"Koplitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib20","series-title":"Tropical Peatland Fires in Southeast Asia","first-page":"263","author":"Cochrane","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib21","author":"Yeager"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib22","author":"Harrison"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib23","series-title":"Handbook of Climate Change and Biodiversity Climate Change Management","first-page":"287","article-title":"The Impact of Forest Fire on the Biodiversity and the Soil Characteristics of Tropical Peatland","author":"Agus","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL072042","article-title":"CO2 emission of Indonesian fires in 2015 estimated from satellite-derived atmospheric CO2 concentrations","volume":"44","author":"Heymann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib25","series-title":"Presidential Regulation No 1","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib26","series-title":"Presidential Regulation No 120","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib27","first-page":"67","article-title":"Land cover distribution in the peatlands of Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo in 2015 with changes since 1990","volume":"6","author":"Miettinen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Conserv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac6f6e","article-title":"Peatland restoration as an affordable nature-based climate solution with fire reduction and conservation co-benefits in Indonesia","volume":"17","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib29","series-title":"Pranata Informasi Restorasi Gambut & Rehabilitasi Mangrove","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.10.009","article-title":"Canal blocking strategies for hydrological restoration of degraded tropical peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"114","author":"Ritzema","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.3390\/land10111170","article-title":"Restoration of Degraded Tropical Peatland in Indonesia: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Yuwati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.14174","article-title":"The effects of ditch dams on water-level dynamics in tropical peatlands","volume":"35","author":"Putra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2007.07.010","article-title":"Peat\u2013water interrelationships in a tropical peatland ecosystem in Southeast Asia","volume":"73","author":"W\u00f6sten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2021.105521","article-title":"Between a rock and a hard place: The burdens of uncontrolled fire for smallholders across the tropics","volume":"145","author":"Carmenta","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture12071040","article-title":"Using Conditional Cash Payments to Prevent Land-Clearing Fires: Cautionary Findings from Indonesia","volume":"12","author":"Falcon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agriculture"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forpol.2023.102968","article-title":"Enforcement and compliance with the no-burning policy on villagers in Indonesia","volume":"151","author":"Resosudarmo","year":"2023","journal-title":"For. Policy Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GH000191","article-title":"Fires, Smoke Exposure, and Public Health: An Integrative Framework to Maximize Health Benefits From Peatland Restoration","volume":"3","author":"Marlier","year":"2019","journal-title":"GeoHealth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac9e0a","article-title":"Natural climate solutions in Indonesia: wetlands are the key to achieve Indonesia\u2019s national climate commitment","volume":"17","author":"Novita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13097","article-title":"Defining ecological restoration of peatlands in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"28","author":"Puspitaloka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib40","article-title":"Analysis of challenges, costs, and governance alternative for peatland restoration in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"6","author":"Puspitaloka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trees For. People"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001880","article-title":"Causal Inference Using Potential Outcomes: Design, Modeling, Decisions","volume":"100","author":"Rubin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib42","series-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2020.12.001","article-title":"Difference-in-Differences with multiple time periods","volume":"225","author":"Callaway","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Econom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00534-2","article-title":"Targeted land management strategies could halve peatland fire occurrences in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia","volume":"3","author":"Horton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-021-00761-z","article-title":"Limited effects of tree planting on forest canopy cover and rural livelihoods in Northern India","volume":"4","author":"Coleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib46","series-title":"Combatting Forest Fires in the Drylands of Sub-saharan Africa: Quasi-Experimental Evidence from Burkina Faso","author":"Nguyen Huy","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib47","series-title":"Transforming REDD+: lessons and new directions","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib48","article-title":"Could Sustainability-Linked Bonds Incentivize Lower Deforestation in Brazil\u2019s Legal Amazon?","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade3535","article-title":"Action needed to make carbon offsets from forest conservation work for climate change mitigation","volume":"381","author":"West","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.001","article-title":"Perceptions across scales of governance and the Indonesian peatland fires","volume":"46","author":"Carmenta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib51","article-title":"Designing the special pilot economic zone on peatlands","volume":"4","author":"Budiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geogr. Lingkung. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.175829","article-title":"Strong climate mitigation potential of rewetting oil palm plantations on tropical peatlands","volume":"952","author":"Novita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib53","series-title":"Standar Biaya Pembangunan Infrastruktur Pembahsahan Lahan Gambut","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44425-2","article-title":"The principles of natural climate solutions","volume":"15","author":"Ellis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib55","series-title":"VM0045 Methodology for Improved Forest Management through Reduced Impact Logging v1.0","author":"Shoch","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3601","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-16-3601-2024","article-title":"State of Wildfires 2023\u20132024","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/12\/124017","article-title":"The distribution and amount of carbon in the largest peatland complex in Amazonia","volume":"9","author":"Draper","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-021-01198-0","article-title":"Protect, manage and then restore lands for climate mitigation","volume":"11","author":"Cook-Patton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2024.103973","article-title":"Identification of peat-fire-burnt areas among other wildfires using the peat fire index","volume":"132","author":"Medvedeva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinformation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2021.115235","article-title":"Revisiting tropical peatlands in Indonesia: Semi-detailed mapping, extent and depth distribution assessment","volume":"402","author":"Anda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib84","series-title":"Callaway VI CSDID: Stata module for the estimation of Difference-in-Difference models with multiple time periods","author":"Rios-Avila","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v042.i08","article-title":"MatchIt: Nonparametric Preprocessing for Parametric Causal Inference","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.08.005","article-title":"The Collection 6 MODIS burned area mapping algorithm and product","volume":"217","author":"Giglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abd3d1","article-title":"Evaluating accuracy of four MODIS-derived burned area products for tropical peatland and non-peatland fires","volume":"16","author":"Vetrita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201927606003","article-title":"The effectiveness of canal blocking for hydrological restoration in tropical peatland","volume":"276","author":"Sutikno","year":"2019","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2018.12.028","article-title":"Rates and spatial variability of peat subsidence in Acacia plantation and forest landscapes in Sumatra, Indonesia","volume":"338","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/933\/1\/012052","article-title":"Study on the impact of canal blocking on groundwater fluctuation for tropical peatland restoration","volume":"933","author":"Sutikno","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1694(96)03138-1","article-title":"The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models","volume":"193","author":"Garbrecht","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-4349-2021","article-title":"ERA5-Land: a state-of-the-art global reanalysis dataset for land applications","volume":"13","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Sabater","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib67","series-title":"Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network","first-page":"62","article-title":"Why VIIRS data are superior to DMSP for mapping nighttime lights","author":"Elvidge","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1029\/EO081i048p00583","article-title":"Shuttle radar topography mission produces a wealth of data","volume":"81","author":"Farr","year":"2000","journal-title":"EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib70","unstructured":"Data.World (2024). Indonesia - Subnational Administrative Boundaries. https:\/\/data.world\/ocha-roap\/84a1d98a-790b-4d66-9d14-bbfa48500802 https:\/\/data.world\/ocha-roap\/84a1d98a-790b-4d66-9d14-bbfa48500802."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4821","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8754","article-title":"A pilot design for observational studies: Using abundant data thoughtfully","volume":"39","author":"Aikens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2024.1221797","article-title":"Fire frequency, intensity, and burn severity in Kalimantan\u2019s threatened Peatland areas over two Decades","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. For. Glob. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib73","series-title":"Impact Evaluation in Practice","author":"Gertler","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146365","article-title":"Carbon balance of tropical peat forests at different fire history and implications for carbon emissions","volume":"779","author":"Krisnawati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib75","series-title":"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis: Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Solomon","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib76","unstructured":"2023 State of the Voluntary Carbon Markets Report Ecosyst. Marketpl. https:\/\/www.ecosystemmarketplace.com\/publications\/state-of-the-voluntary-carbon-market-report-2023\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib77","unstructured":"ocatsaros (2024). Carbon Credits Face Biggest Test Yet, Could Reach $238\/Ton in 2050, According to BloombergNEF Report. BloombergNEF. https:\/\/about.bnef.com\/insights\/commodities\/carbon-credits-face-biggest-test-yet-could-reach-238-ton-in-2050-according-to-bloombergnef-report\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1525\/cse.2017.000695","article-title":"An Estimate of the Financial Cost of Peatland Restoration in Indonesia","volume":"2","author":"Hansson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Stud. Environ. Times"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib79","series-title":"Real Interest Rate (%)","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11645","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710465114","article-title":"Natural climate solutions","volume":"114","author":"Griscom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0282-y","article-title":"Country-level social cost of carbon","volume":"8","author":"Ricke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05224-9","article-title":"Comprehensive evidence implies a higher social cost of CO2","volume":"610","author":"Rennert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226014161?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226014161?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T21:00:13Z","timestamp":1791838813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226014161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226014161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effective restoration can avoid peatland fires: Large scale counterfactual assessment in Kalimantan, Indonesia","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116041"}}