{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:02:03Z","timestamp":1792551723371,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:28:44Z","timestamp":1780360124000},"page":"116160","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Vitamin D as a cellular endocrine system: Tissue-specific microcircuits, immune reprogramming, and metabolic resistance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xilian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yini","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8871-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Biao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2013.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications","volume":"21","author":"Bikle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00151","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D on immune function: lessons learned from genome-wide analysis","volume":"5","author":"Chun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157146","article-title":"Neuroprotective roles of vitamin D: bridging the gap between mechanisms and clinical applications in cognitive decline","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19061618","article-title":"Role of vitamin D beyond the skeletal function: a review of the molecular and clinical studies","volume":"19","author":"Umar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17050803","article-title":"Vitamin d: beyond traditional roles-insights into its biochemical pathways and physiological impacts","volume":"17","author":"Voiculescu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-017-0631-0","article-title":"Vitamin d supplementation as a potential cause of u-shaped associations between vitamin d levels and negative health outcomes: a decision tree analysis for risk of frailty","volume":"17","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib9","article-title":"A putative causality of vitamin d in common diseases: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900906","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and prevention of type 2 diabetes","volume":"381","author":"Pittas","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab142","article-title":"Vitamin d and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and mendelian randomization studies","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3969","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223969","article-title":"Integrating endocrine, genomic, and extra-skeletal benefits of vitamin D into national and regional clinical guidelines","volume":"16","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2002-0441","article-title":"Down-regulation by nuclear factor kappab of human 25-hydroxyvitamin d3 1alpha-hydroxylase promoter","volume":"18","author":"Ebert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0048652","article-title":"CYP24a1 exacerbated activity during diabetes contributes to kidney tubular apoptosis via caspase-3 increased expression and activation","volume":"7","author":"Tourigny","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810943","article-title":"Metabolism of 25-hydroxy-vitamin d in human macrophages is highly dependent on macrophage polarization","volume":"23","author":"Nygaard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib17","first-page":"888","article-title":"Extrarenal expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3)-1 alpha-hydroxylase","volume":"86","author":"Zehnder","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13895","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241516998","article-title":"Cubilin dysfunction causes abnormal metabolism of the steroid hormone 25(OH) vitamin D(3)","volume":"98","author":"Nykjaer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80655-8","article-title":"An endocytic pathway essential for renal uptake and activation of the steroid 25-(OH) vitamin D3","volume":"96","author":"Nykjaer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.11.2754","article-title":"Megalin-mediated endocytosis of vitamin d binding protein correlates with 25-hydroxycholecalciferol actions in human mammary cells","volume":"136","author":"Rowling","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122942","article-title":"Vitamin D beyond the blood: tissue distribution of vitamin D metabolites after supplementation","volume":"355","author":"Shadid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.02.013","article-title":"Vitamin D and the intracrinology of innate immunity","volume":"321","author":"Hewison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5992","article-title":"Gene expression profiles of CYP24a1 and CYP27b1 in malignant and normal breast tissues","volume":"15","author":"Zhalehjoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9821","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05780-1","article-title":"Vitamin d receptor (VDR) and metabolizing enzymes CYP27b1 and CYP24a1 in breast cancer","volume":"47","author":"Voutsadakis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.02.016","article-title":"Extrarenal expression of the 25-hydroxyvitamin d-1-hydroxylase","volume":"523","author":"Adams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36392-5","article-title":"Genetic correlates of vitamin d-binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin d in neonatal dried blood spots","volume":"14","author":"Albi\u00f1ana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2025.149656","article-title":"Systematic review of optimizing brain-targeted vitamin d delivery: novel approaches to enhance mental illness therapeutics","volume":"1858","author":"He","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183690","article-title":"Megalin and vitamin d metabolism-implications in non-renal tissues and kidney disease","volume":"14","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/loaf008","article-title":"Transporters in vitamin uptake and cellular metabolism: impacts on health and disease","volume":"4","author":"Yuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1355916","article-title":"Persistent hypercalcaemia associated with two pathogenic variants in the CYP24a1 gene and a parathyroid adenoma-a case report and review","volume":"15","author":"Leszczy\u0144ska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00430a051","article-title":"Calcitroic acid, end product of renal metabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 through c-24 oxidation pathway","volume":"28","author":"Reddy","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2009.11.057","article-title":"Crystal structure of CYP24a1, a mitochondrial cytochrome p450 involved in vitamin d metabolism","volume":"396","author":"Annalora","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib33","article-title":"Intestinal cyp24a1 regulates vitamin d locally independent of systemic regulation by renal cyp24a1 in mice","volume":"135","author":"Fuchs","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-12-4134","article-title":"CYP24a1 and CYP27b1 polymorphisms modulate vitamin d metabolism in colon cancer cells","volume":"73","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17213348","article-title":"CYP24a1 in small intestinal vitamin d metabolism and clinical implications","volume":"17","author":"Nowacka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0713","article-title":"Hypercalcemia due to CYP24a1 mutations: a systematic descriptive review","volume":"186","author":"Cappellani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15040128","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome p450 enzymes involved in vitamin d metabolism and the vitamin d receptor: their clinical relevance","volume":"15","author":"Jarrar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Personalized Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221878","article-title":"Synergistic activation of VDR-RXR heterodimers by vitamin d and rexinoids in human kidney and brain cells","volume":"13","author":"Doost","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI88887","article-title":"The vitamin d receptor: contemporary genomic approaches reveal new basic and translational insights","volume":"127","author":"Pike","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqaa218","article-title":"Vitamin d-regulated gene expression profiles: species-specificity and cell-specific effects on metabolism and immunity","volume":"162","author":"Dimitrov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2022.106084","article-title":"Novel insight into the role of the vitamin d receptor in the development and function of the immune system","volume":"219","author":"Arora","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/IMNA-D-23-00015","article-title":"Megalin facilitates the regulation of mitochondrial function by extracellular cues","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Integr. Med. Nephrol. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16955","article-title":"From molecular basis to clinical insights: a challenging future for the vitamin d endocrine system in colorectal cancer","volume":"291","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00317","article-title":"Vitamin d binding protein, total and free vitamin d levels in different physiological and pathophysiological conditions","volume":"10","author":"Bikle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2006.03.011","article-title":"Biological and clinical aspects of the vitamin d binding protein (gc-globulin) and its polymorphism","volume":"372","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib46","article-title":"Vitamin d binding protein in psychiatric and neurological disorders: implications for diagnosis and treatment","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/47.4.753","article-title":"Mean serum concentration of vitamin d-binding protein (gc globulin) is related to the gc phenotype in women","volume":"47","author":"Lauridsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2014.08.003","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on plasma vitamin d binding protein concentrations","volume":"165","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9481","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199481","article-title":"Rare-variant genome-wide association and polygenic score assessment of vitamin d status in a middle eastern population","volume":"26","author":"Hendi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1306357","article-title":"Vitamin d-binding protein and vitamin d status of black americans and white americans","volume":"369","author":"Powe","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79994-9","article-title":"Impact of gene polymorphisms involved in the vitamin d metabolic pathway on the susceptibility to and severity of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"14","author":"Saechua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.01.016","article-title":"Structures of LRP2 reveal a molecular machine for endocytosis","volume":"186","author":"Beenken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm778","article-title":"Megalin and cubilin: multifunctional endocytic receptors","volume":"3","author":"Christensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602011000100012","article-title":"New insights into the roles of megalin\/LRP2 and the regulation of its functional expression","volume":"44","author":"Marzolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070919","article-title":"Interactions of cubilin with megalin and the product of the amnionless gene (AMN): effect on its stability","volume":"410","author":"Ahuja","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes4030333","article-title":"The endocytic receptor megalin and its associated proteins in proximal tubule epithelial cells","volume":"4","author":"De","year":"2014","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71094","article-title":"Placental uptake and metabolism of 25(OH)vitamin d determine its activity within the fetoplacental unit","volume":"11","author":"Ashley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib58","series-title":"Vitamin D: production, metabolism, and Mechanism of Action","author":"Bikle","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132145","article-title":"Effects of high-dose vitamin d supplementation on placental vitamin d metabolism and neonatal vitamin d status","volume":"16","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549704500306","article-title":"Tissue distribution of human gp330\/megalin, a putative Ca(2+)-sensing protein","volume":"45","author":"Lundgren","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.1803161","article-title":"Reevaluating the role of megalin in renal vitamin d homeostasis using a human cell-derived microphysiological system","volume":"35","author":"Chapron","year":"2018","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.9.5620","article-title":"Megalin antagonizes activation of the parathyroid hormone receptor","volume":"274","author":"Hilpert","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.7.1323","article-title":"Retinoids modulate expression of the endocytic partners megalin, cubilin, and disabled-2 and uptake of vitamin d-binding protein in human mammary cells","volume":"138","author":"Chlon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa135","article-title":"Neuronal megalin mediates synaptic plasticity-a novel mechanism underlying intellectual disabilities in megalin gene pathologies","volume":"2","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410273","article-title":"Microglia-derived vitamin d binding protein mediates synaptic damage and induces depression by binding to the neuronal receptor megalin","volume":"12","author":"Kong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2023.02.049","article-title":"Vitamin d-binding protein in plasma microglia-derived extracellular vesicles as a potential biomarker for major depressive disorder","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10418","article-title":"The free hormone hypothesis: when, why, and how to measure the free hormone levels to assess vitamin d, thyroid, sex hormone, and cortisol status","volume":"5","author":"Bikle","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.09.012","article-title":"Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited","volume":"144","author":"Chun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.11.006","article-title":"Variability in free 25(OH) vitamin d levels in clinical populations","volume":"144","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.03.005","article-title":"Reference intervals for measured and calculated free 25-hydroxyvitamin d in normal pregnancy","volume":"181","author":"Tsuprykov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI5244","article-title":"Osteopathy and resistance to vitamin D toxicity in mice null for vitamin D binding protein","volume":"103","author":"Safadi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.387","article-title":"Vitamin d-binding protein modifies the vitamin d-bone mineral density relationship","volume":"26","author":"Powe","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161604.RA","article-title":"Vitamin d binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels: emerging clinical applications","volume":"23","author":"Jassil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2006.00704.x","article-title":"Proximal tubule endocytic apparatus as the specific renal uptake mechanism for vitamin d-binding protein\/25-(OH)D3 complex","volume":"11","author":"Negri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.004","article-title":"Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of extra renal CYP27b1: case report and review","volume":"8","author":"Bikle","year":"2018","journal-title":"BoneKEy Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib76","first-page":"92","article-title":"Vitamin d and immune function: autocrine, paracrine or endocrine?","volume":"243","author":"Hewison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-01080-3","article-title":"Autocrine vitamin d signaling switches off pro-inflammatory programs of TH1 cells","volume":"23","author":"Chauss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4064","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00578","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent induction of colonic cyp27b1 is associated with colonic inflammation: implications of locally produced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 in inflammatory regulation in the colon","volume":"158","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib79","first-page":"132","article-title":"How would serum 25(OH)d level change in patients with inflammatory bowel disease depending on intestinal mucosa vitamin d receptor (VDR) and vitamin d1-\u03b1 hydroxylase (CYP27b1)? Turk","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201909-1867OC","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism is dysregulated in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"202","author":"Jolliffe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00591-4","article-title":"Targeting vitamin d deficiency to limit exacerbations in respiratory diseases: utopia or strategy with potential?","volume":"106","author":"Maes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.5072","article-title":"CYP24a1-induced vitamin d insufficiency promotes breast cancer growth","volume":"36","author":"Osanai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7257913","article-title":"Older age is associated with decreased levels of VDR, CYP27b1, and CYP24a1 and increased levels of PTH in human parathyroid glands","volume":"2020","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040794","article-title":"Analysis of association between vitamin d deficiency and insulin resistance","volume":"11","author":"Szymczak-Pajor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14838","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M809542200","article-title":"Placenta-specific methylation of the vitamin d 24-hydroxylase gene: implications for feedback autoregulation of active vitamin d levels at the fetomaternal interface","volume":"284","author":"Novakovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.12.007","article-title":"Regulation of CYP27b1 and CYP24a1 gene expression by recombinant pro-inflammatory cytokines in cultured human trophoblasts","volume":"144","author":"Noyola-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10419","article-title":"Vitamin d: brain and behavior","volume":"5","author":"Eyles","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31827f4fcc","article-title":"Expression of vitamin d receptor and metabolizing enzymes in multiple sclerosis\u2014affected brain tissue","volume":"72","author":"Smolders","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13801","article-title":"Astrocytes expressing vitamin d-activating enzyme identify parkinson's disease","volume":"28","author":"Mazzetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-025-00663-y","article-title":"Vitamin d and neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), parkinson's disease (PD), alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): a review of current literature","volume":"14","author":"Savran","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Nutr. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.06.020","article-title":"Vitamin d deficiency and alzheimer disease: common links","volume":"84","author":"Keeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI190972","article-title":"Clinical evidence for independent regulation of vitamin d by intestinal CYP24a1","volume":"135","author":"Lemoine","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155684","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms and pathological implications of CYP24a1 in vitamin d metabolism","volume":"264","author":"Milan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13153","article-title":"PKPD modelling to predict altered disposition of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 in mice due to dose-dependent regulation of CYP27b1 on synthesis and CYP24a1 on degradation","volume":"172","author":"Quach","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI163627","article-title":"A parathyroid hormone\/salt-inducible kinase signaling axis controls renal vitamin d activation and organismal calcium homeostasis","volume":"133","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab057","article-title":"Calcium-sensing receptors control CYP27b1-luciferase expression: transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms","volume":"5","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2012.08.003","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24a1) in colon cancer cells","volume":"136","author":"H\u00f6baus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5953","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0617","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of vitamin d 24-hydroxylase\/CYP24a1 in human prostate cancer","volume":"70","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15010104","article-title":"CYP24a1 DNA methylation in colorectal cancer as potential prognostic and predictive markers","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102300","article-title":"Effects of vitamin d supplementation on inflammation, colonic cell kinetics, and microbiota in colitis: a review","volume":"25","author":"Garcia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib101","first-page":"60","article-title":"Altered expression of vitamin d metabolism genes and circulating micrornas in pbmcs of patients with type 1 diabetes: their association with vitamin d status and ongoing islet autoimmunity","volume":"9","author":"Al-Nakhle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Noncoding. RNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.056986","article-title":"Human CYP24 catalyzing the inactivation of calcitriol is post-transcriptionally regulated by mir-125b","volume":"76","author":"Komagata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2024.106475","article-title":"MicroRNA-125b regulates vitamin d resistance by targeting CYP24a1 in the progression of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"239","author":"Milan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.12714","article-title":"Loss of mir-125b contributes to upregulation of CYP24 in uraemic rats","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephrology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-10-1789","article-title":"CYP24a1 is an independent prognostic marker of survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.10.010","article-title":"Oncogenic potential of CYP24a1 in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Shiratsuchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-236109","article-title":"Increased expression of CYP24a1 correlates with advanced stages of prostate cancer and can cause resistance to vitamin D3-based therapies","volume":"28","author":"Tannour-Louet","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-10369-x","article-title":"Association of CYP24a1 with survival and drug resistance in clinical cancer patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5906","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.011869","article-title":"The cytochrome p450 enzyme CYP24a1 increases proliferation of mutant KRAS-dependent lung adenocarcinoma independent of its catalytic activity","volume":"295","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0702093104","article-title":"Single a326g mutation converts human CYP24a1 from 25-OH-d3-24-hydroxylase into -23-hydroxylase, generating 1alpha,25-(OH)2d3-26,23-lactone","volume":"104","author":"Prosser","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2017.08.036","article-title":"Analysis of the binding sites of vitamin d 1\u03b1-hydroxylase (CYP27b1) and vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24a1) for the design of selective CYP24a1 inhibitors: homology modelling, molecular dynamics simulations and identification of key binding requirements","volume":"25","author":"Taban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.121.000609","article-title":"Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of vitamin D(3) and metabolites in vitamin d-insufficient patients","volume":"50","author":"Sawyer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2909","article-title":"Cutting edge: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression","volume":"173","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-3284com","article-title":"Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) gene is a direct target of the vitamin d receptor and is strongly up-regulated in myeloid cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3","volume":"19","author":"Gombart","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1123933","article-title":"Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin d-mediated human antimicrobial response","volume":"311","author":"Liu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.08.004","article-title":"Vitamin d3 induces autophagy in human monocytes\/macrophages via cathelicidin","volume":"6","author":"Yuk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2022.109093","article-title":"Targeting autophagy regulation in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated lung inflammation in COVID-19","volume":"244","author":"Yong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.020","article-title":"Vitamin d and its role in immunology: multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"92","author":"Cantorna","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4210","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1302350","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells with functional migratory properties in NOD mice","volume":"192","author":"Ferreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G208","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00398.2007","article-title":"Novel role of the vitamin d receptor in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"294","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11071129","article-title":"Vitamin d receptor influences intestinal barriers in health and disease","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib122","article-title":"Vitamin d\/vitamin d receptor protects intestinal barrier against colitis by positively regulating notch pathway","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-022-2564-x","article-title":"CYP24a1 involvement in inflammatory factor regulation occurs via the wnt signaling pathway","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7090","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7090","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin d to its active form: potential effects on host defense","volume":"181","author":"Hansdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/21688370.2018.1540904","article-title":"Vitamin d receptor deletion leads to the destruction of tight and adherens junctions in lungs","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Barriers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.05.017","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism and function in the skin","volume":"347","author":"Bikle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-011-9194-0","article-title":"Vitamin D and the skin: physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"13","author":"Bikle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.159928","article-title":"Vitamin D and skin diseases: a review","volume":"81","author":"Relhan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147809","article-title":"Vitamin d in central nervous system: implications for neurological disorders","volume":"25","author":"Sailike","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17203202","article-title":"The neuroprotective potential of vitamin D(3)","volume":"17","author":"Pietruszkiewicz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib131","article-title":"Vitamin D and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00348","article-title":"Focus on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 in the peripheral nervous system","volume":"13","author":"Faye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204353","article-title":"Vitamin D and the central nervous system: causative and preventative mechanisms in brain disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13982","article-title":"Brain energy metabolism: astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122821","article-title":"Vitamin d prevents hypoxia\/reoxygenation-induced blood-brain barrier disruption via vitamin d receptor-mediated NF-kb signaling pathways","volume":"10","author":"Won","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1649841","article-title":"Association of vitamin d with risk of dementia: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.09.017","article-title":"Role of proinflammatory cytokines on expression of vitamin d metabolism and target genes in colon cancer cells","volume":"144","author":"Hummel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01433","article-title":"Impact of the local inflammatory environment on mucosal vitamin d metabolism and signaling in chronic inflammatory lung diseases","volume":"11","author":"Schrumpf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2010.02.030","article-title":"Down-regulation of NF-kappab signals is involved in loss of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 responsiveness","volume":"120","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2020.20.e12","article-title":"Vitamin d-cathelicidin axis: at the crossroads between protective immunity and pathological inflammation during infection","volume":"20","author":"Chung","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2009.01.001","article-title":"IL-6 and stat3 are required for survival of intestinal epithelial cells and development of colitis-associated cancer","volume":"15","author":"Grivennikov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.184176","article-title":"Disease-related expression of the IL6\/STAT3\/SOCS3 signalling pathway in ulcerative colitis and ulcerative colitis-related carcinogenesis","volume":"59","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2015.03.002","article-title":"Cytochrome p450 vitamin d hydroxylases in inflammation and cancer","volume":"74","author":"Gr\u00f6schel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib144","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring vitamin d metabolism and function in cancer","volume":"50","author":"Jeon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010107","article-title":"Methylation of the vitamin d receptor gene in human disorders","volume":"25","author":"Gasperini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.02.024","article-title":"Regulation of the vitamin D receptor gene by environment, genetics and epigenetics","volume":"561","author":"Saccone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.8.16536","article-title":"Differential vitamin d 24-hydroxylase\/CYP24a1 gene promoter methylation in endothelium from benign and malignant human prostate","volume":"6","author":"Deeb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa016","article-title":"Inhibition of histone deacetylation by MS-275 alleviates colitis by activating the vitamin d receptor","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.655956","article-title":"Histone deacetylases in the inflamed intestinal epithelium-promises of new therapeutic strategies","volume":"8","author":"Gerbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5618","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v29.i41.5618","article-title":"Diet as an epigenetic factor in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"29","author":"Marangoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2013.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin D and aging","volume":"42","author":"Gallagher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2016.41","article-title":"Vitamin d, calcium homeostasis and aging","volume":"4","author":"Veldurthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061349","article-title":"Vitamin d, cellular senescence and chronic kidney diseases: what is missing in the equation?","volume":"15","author":"Martinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.657991","article-title":"Combined effects of vitamin d status, renal function and age on serum parathyroid hormone levels","volume":"12","author":"Niculescu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-007-9093-7","article-title":"Age-related change of endocytic receptors megalin and cubilin in the kidney in rats","volume":"8","author":"Odera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0287169","article-title":"Vitamin d status & associations with inflammation in older adults","volume":"18","author":"Laird","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16030398","article-title":"Vitamin d and aging: central role of immunocompetence","volume":"16","author":"Carlberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4546","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054546","article-title":"Vitamin d as a shield against aging","volume":"24","author":"Fantini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4408","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204408","article-title":"Genetic determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentrations and their relevance to public health","volume":"14","author":"Hypp\u00f6nen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1631","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz230","article-title":"Relationship of total and free 25-hydroxyvitamin d to biomarkers and metabolic indices in healthy children","volume":"105","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11100696","article-title":"Vitamin-d binding protein gene polymorphisms and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-d in a turkish population","volume":"11","author":"Karc\u0131o\u011flu Batur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3356","DOI":"10.1210\/JC.2015-2066","article-title":"Free 25(OH)d and the vitamin d paradox in african americans","volume":"100","author":"Aloia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001866","article-title":"Vitamin d and risk of multiple sclerosis: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Mokry","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib164","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and risk of type 1 diabetes: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"18","author":"Manousaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020422","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and cancer risk: a systematic review of mendelian randomization studies","volume":"15","author":"Lawler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-023-01075-4","article-title":"Vitamin d and human health: evidence from mendelian randomization studies","volume":"39","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15421-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 143 loci associated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration","volume":"11","author":"Revez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-2020-0001","article-title":"Vitamin d-dependent rickets (VDDR) type 1: case series of two siblings with a CYP27b1 mutation and review of the literature","volume":"42","author":"Dhull","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Bras. Nefrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.7007","article-title":"An overview of CYP27b1 enzyme mutation and management: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"11","author":"Zamanfar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122518","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in pregnancy due to CYP24a1 mutations: case report and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Pilz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2019.24.1.64","article-title":"Infantile hypercalcemia with novel compound heterozygous mutation in SLC34a1 encoding renal sodium-phosphate cotransporter 2a: a case report","volume":"24","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.3390\/children10101701","article-title":"Phenotype of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia associated with the heterozygous pathogenic variant of SLC34a1 and CYP24a1","volume":"10","author":"Bizerea-Moga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children-Basel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13112016","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR) genetic variants: relationship of foki genotypes with VDR expression and clinical disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"13","author":"Meza-Meza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa076","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the rs228570 vitamin d receptor gene polymorphism and arterial hypertension risk","volume":"11","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1093\/joneph\/21.6.843","article-title":"Tissue-specific effect of VDR gene polymorphisms on the response to calcitriol","volume":"21","author":"Alvarez-Hernandez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00274-5","article-title":"The role of vitamin d receptor gene polymorphisms in bone biology","volume":"197","author":"Uitterlinden","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000534","article-title":"Association between bat vitamin d receptor 3' haplotypes and vitamin d levels at baseline and a lower response after increased vitamin d supplementation and exposure to sunlight","volume":"90","author":"P\u00e9rez-Alonso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020360","article-title":"Vitamin d receptor (vdr) gene polymorphisms modify the response to vitamin D supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Usategui-Mart\u00edn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae009","article-title":"Consensus statement on vitamin D status assessment and supplementation: whys, whens, and hows","volume":"45","author":"Giustina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00718","article-title":"Vitamin d binding protein and the biological activity of vitamin D","volume":"10","author":"Chun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313558","article-title":"Serum bioavailable and free 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels, but not its total level, are associated with the risk of mortality in patients with coronary artery disease","volume":"123","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3320","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103320","article-title":"Total, bioavailable, and free 25-hydroxyvitamin d equally associate with adiposity markers and metabolic traits in mexican adults","volume":"13","author":"Rivera-Paredez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3874","article-title":"A comparison of measured and calculated free 25(OH) vitamin D levels in clinical populations","volume":"99","author":"Schwartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29411","article-title":"Vitamin D status and antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37) concentrations in patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"92","author":"Yamshchikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.989526","article-title":"Expression and significance of serum vitamin d and LL-37 levels in infants with bacterial pneumonia","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40256-024-00688-8","article-title":"Vitamin d-parathyroid hormone-fibroblast growth factor 23 axis and cardiac remodeling","volume":"25","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10558","article-title":"FGF23 and vitamin d metabolism","volume":"5","author":"Latic","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-016528","article-title":"Associations of fibroblast growth factor 23, vitamin d and parathyroid hormone with 5-year outcomes in a prospective primary care cohort of people with chronic kidney disease stage 3","volume":"7","author":"Shardlow","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2018-0065","article-title":"Calcium and phosphate hormones: vitamin d, parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23","volume":"41","author":"Underland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-021-00868-z","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin d potentializes extracellular cathelicidin release from human PBMC stimulated ex vivo with either bacterial (LPS) or viral (p: IC) mimetics","volume":"78","author":"Aldekwer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-021-00144-6","article-title":"Expression of CYP24a1 and other multiple sclerosis risk genes in peripheral blood indicates response to vitamin d in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions","volume":"22","author":"Law","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2011.03.012","article-title":"Vitamin d-related gene expression profiles in immune cells of patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"235","author":"Smolders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00630","article-title":"Genetic variation of the vitamin d binding protein affects vitamin d status and response to supplementation in infants","volume":"104","author":"Enlund-Cerullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.6924","article-title":"Impact of common vitamin d-binding protein isoforms on supplemental vitamin d3 and\/or calcium effects on colorectal adenoma recurrence risk: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Gibbs","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0322-y","article-title":"Vitamin d binding protein polymorphisms significantly impact vitamin d status in children","volume":"86","author":"Newton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-1089","article-title":"Effects of vitamin d binding protein phenotypes and vitamin d supplementation on serum total 25(OH)d and directly measured free 25(OH)d","volume":"174","author":"Sollid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2930","article-title":"Effects of genetic and nongenetic factors on total and bioavailable 25(OH)d responses to vitamin D supplementation","volume":"102","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.03.008","article-title":"Common genetic variants of the vitamin d binding protein (DBP) predict differences in response of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d [25(OH)d] to vitamin d supplementation","volume":"42","author":"Fu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13825","article-title":"Effect of vitamin d supplementation on free and total vitamin d: a comparison of asians and caucasians","volume":"90","author":"Gopal-Kothandapani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00666","article-title":"Letter to the editor: the effect of genetic factors on the response to vitamin d supplementation may be mediated by vitamin d-binding protein concentrations","volume":"102","author":"Schoenmakers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62754-w","article-title":"Associations of c-reactive protein with 25-hydroxyvitamin d in 24 specific diseases: a cross-sectional study from NHANES","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac087","article-title":"Vitamin d deficiency and c-reactive protein: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.920340","article-title":"Vitamin d effects on selected anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory markers of obesity-related chronic inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Krajewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.ijpvm_133_23","article-title":"Effects of vitamin d supplementation on serum 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol in inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Ramezani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000490358","article-title":"Effect of vitamin d supplementation on some inflammatory biomarkers in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"73","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2014.08.012","article-title":"Epicardial adipose tissue inflammation is related to vitamin d deficiency in patients affected by coronary artery disease","volume":"25","author":"Dozio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Metabol. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkae063","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae063","article-title":"CYP24a1 is overexpressed in keloid keratinocytes and its inhibition alters profibrotic gene expression","volume":"13","author":"Hahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burns Trauma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2015.11.004","article-title":"Vitamin d signaling modulators in cancer therapy","volume":"100","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib209","first-page":"2653","article-title":"Selective inhibitors of vitamin d metabolism--new concepts and perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Schuster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091090","article-title":"Recent advances in the use of vitamin d organic nanocarriers for drug delivery","volume":"14","author":"Aggeletopoulou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib211","article-title":"Nanocarrier-based targeted drug delivery for alzheimer's disease: addressing neuroinflammation and enhancing clinical translation","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145723","article-title":"Urinary vitamin d binding protein and kim-1 are potent new biomarkers of major adverse renal events in patients undergoing coronary angiography","volume":"11","author":"Chaykovska","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae014","article-title":"Urinary vitamin d binding protein: a marker of kidney tubular dysfunction in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Semnani-Azad","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Endocr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00458","article-title":"Vitamin d in human immunodeficiency virus infection: influence on immunity and disease","volume":"9","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010111","article-title":"The health effects of vitamin d and probiotic co-supplementation: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Abboud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2023.02.004","article-title":"Vitamin d and microbiome: molecular interaction in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis","volume":"193","author":"Aggeletopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.747856","article-title":"Probiotics and vitamin d\/vitamin d receptor pathway interaction: potential therapeutic implications in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Pagnini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77806-4","article-title":"The potential role of vitamin d supplementation as a gut microbiota modifier in healthy individuals","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy274","article-title":"Magnesium status and supplementation influence vitamin d status and metabolism: results from a randomized trial","volume":"108","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib220","article-title":"Dietary magnesium intake level modifies the association between vitamin d and insulin resistance: a large cross-sectional analysis of american adults","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae074","article-title":"Influence of vitamin d receptor signalling and vitamin d on colonic epithelial cell fate decisions in ulcerative colitis","volume":"18","author":"Kellermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030429","article-title":"Single-cell analysis dissects the effects of vitamin d on genetic senescence signatures across murine tissues","volume":"17","author":"Sosa-D\u00edaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57625-9","article-title":"Spatiotemporally resolved transcriptomics reveals the cellular dynamics of human retinal development","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2020.100036","article-title":"Preparation and use of turn-on fluorescent probe for detection and live cell imaging of vitamin d receptor as a target protein","volume":"1","author":"Kojima","year":"2020","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1585859","article-title":"SDR42e1 modulates vitamin d absorption and cancer pathogenesis: insights from an in vitro model","volume":"16","author":"Hendi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12020200","article-title":"Machine learning-driven prediction of vitamin d deficiency severity with hybrid optimization","volume":"12","author":"Bhimavarapu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioengineering-Basel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1327058","article-title":"Machine learning-based prediction of vitamin d deficiency: NHANES 2001-2018","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.3390\/app15041798","article-title":"VITA-d: a radiomic web tool for predicting vitamin d deficiency levels","volume":"15","author":"Jim\u00e9nez-Gaona","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci.-Basel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad050","article-title":"The vitamin d metabolite ratio (vmr) is a biomarker of vitamin d status that is not affected by acute changes in vitamin d binding protein","volume":"69","author":"Dugar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2023.106318","article-title":"Determination of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in vitamin d external quality assessment scheme samples using a reference measurement procedure","volume":"231","author":"Wise","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-021-00593-z","article-title":"The health effects of vitamin d supplementation: evidence from human studies","volume":"18","author":"Bouillon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfae293","article-title":"The role of nutritional vitamin d in chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder in children and adults with chronic kidney disease, on dialysis, and after kidney transplantation-a european consensus statement","volume":"40","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034516633189","article-title":"Characterization of regulatory extracellular vesicles from osteoclasts","volume":"95","author":"Huynh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.874091","article-title":"Vitamin d reverts the exosome-mediated transfer of cancer resistance to the mtor inhibitor everolimus in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Negri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2019.07.024","article-title":"Vitamin D and evolution: pharmacologic implications","volume":"173","author":"Hanel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168278","article-title":"Evolutionary and functional diversification of the vitamin d receptor-lithocholic acid partnership","volume":"11","author":"Kollitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3069","article-title":"Screening for vitamin d deficiency in adults: us preventive services task force recommendation statement","volume":"325","author":"Krist","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2388","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16152388","article-title":"When and how to evaluate vitamin d status? A viewpoint from the belgian bone club","volume":"16","author":"Lapauw","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00439","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of vitamin d supplementation in pregnant woman and young children in preventing rickets: a modeling study","volume":"8","author":"Floreskul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2021-000382","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of vitamin D(3) supplementation in older adults with vitamin d deficiency in ireland","volume":"5","author":"Lacey","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12213","article-title":"Comparison of cost-effectiveness of vitamin d screening with that of universal supplementation in preventing falls in community-dwelling older adults","volume":"61","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.2554","article-title":"Biomarker qualification at the european medicines agency: a review of biomarker qualification procedures from 2008 to 2020","volume":"112","author":"Bakker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13641","article-title":"Precision medicine in regulatory decision making: biomarkers used for patient selection in european public assessment reports from 2018 to 2020","volume":"16","author":"Bakker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib244","first-page":"129","article-title":"Autocrine and paracrine actions of vitamin d","volume":"31","author":"Morris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091691","article-title":"Vitamin D: an overview of gene regulation, ranging from metabolism to genomic effects","volume":"14","author":"Voltan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.steroids.2023.109350","article-title":"The effects of vitamin d on different types of cells","volume":"202","author":"Janubov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112575","article-title":"CYP24a1 affected macrophage polarization through degradation of vitamin d as a candidate biomarker for ovarian cancer prognosis","volume":"138","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6154","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076154","article-title":"Interplay of vitamin d and sirt1 in tissue-specific metabolism-potential roles in prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases including cancer","volume":"24","author":"Nemeth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9784","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179784","article-title":"An update on the effects of vitamin d on the immune system and autoimmune diseases","volume":"23","author":"S\u00eerbe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020277","article-title":"Vitamin d: evidence-based health benefits and recommendations for population guidelines","volume":"17","author":"Grant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008530","article-title":"Genetic variation in GC and CYP2r1 affects 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentration and skeletal parameters: a genome-wide association study in 24-month-old finnish children","volume":"15","author":"K\u00e4mpe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04110-2","article-title":"The biologic importance of the vitamin d binding protein polymorphism in pediatric COVID-19 patients","volume":"180","author":"Speeckaert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4798","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104798","article-title":"Molecular insight into the role of vitamin D in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases","volume":"26","author":"Argano","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s43166-025-00330-8","article-title":"Vitamin d management update: evidence-based guidelines for vitamin d optimization by the egyptian academy for bone and muscle health","volume":"52","author":"El Miedany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Egypt. Rheumatol. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160_bib255","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation in deficiency states and combined calcium-vitamin D therapy in diabetes prevention and management: a systematic review of clinical evidence","volume":"17","author":"Saad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S258900422601535X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S258900422601535X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:57:34Z","timestamp":1791838654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S258900422601535X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":255,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S258900422601535X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vitamin D as a cellular endocrine system: Tissue-specific microcircuits, immune reprogramming, and metabolic resistance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116160","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116160"}}