{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T18:23:54Z","timestamp":1794248634535,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T12:12:36Z","timestamp":1784635956000},"page":"116867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Remdesivir from failed Ebola drug to first FDA-approved COVID-19 antiviral: The medico-legal integration"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tung-Hu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19: final report","volume":"383","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18","article-title":"Coronavirus susceptibility to the antiviral remdesivir (GS-5734) is mediated by the viral polymerase and the proofreading exoribonuclease","volume":"9","author":"Agostini","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005630","article-title":"Developing COVID-19 vaccines at pandemic speed","volume":"382","author":"Lurie","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.02097","article-title":"The COVID-19 innovation system","volume":"40","author":"Sampat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Aff."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.021","article-title":"Emerging pandemic diseases: how we got to COVID-19","volume":"182","author":"Morens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses","volume":"9","author":"Sheahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1922083117","article-title":"Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection","volume":"117","author":"de Wit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib11","author":"Krellenstein"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8920","article-title":"Accelerating COVID-19 therapeutic interventions and vaccines (ACTIV): an unprecedented partnership for unprecedented times","volume":"323","author":"Collins","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.7.850","article-title":"University-based science and biotechnology products: defining the boundaries of intellectual property","volume":"293","author":"Kesselheim","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jlb\/lsaa073","article-title":"COVID-IP: staring down the Bayh-Dole Act with 2020 vision","volume":"7","author":"Paradise","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Law Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib18","author":"Herman"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510062","article-title":"Master protocols to study multiple therapies, multiple diseases, or both","volume":"377","author":"Woodcock","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17101","article-title":"Regulatory decision-making on COVID-19 vaccines during a public health emergency","volume":"324","author":"Avorn","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaf111","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of remdesivir to treat SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized patients: have the guidelines evolved with the evidence?","volume":"81","author":"Bartoletti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59061027","article-title":"Remdesivir treatment lacks the effect on mortality reduction in hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients who required high-flow supplemental oxygen or invasive mechanical ventilation","volume":"59","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib27","article-title":"Remdesivir use and outcomes during the FDA COVID-19 emergency use authorisation period","volume":"8","author":"Elshaboury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.24165","article-title":"A national strategy for COVID-19 medical countermeasures: vaccines and therapeutics","volume":"327","author":"Borio","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib35","unstructured":"GOVINFO, United States Code. https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/app\/collection\/uscode"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542","article-title":"Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with COVID-19 (EPIC-HR)","volume":"386","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173926","article-title":"Remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"897","author":"Rezagholizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1510061","article-title":"Adaptive designs for clinical trials","volume":"375","author":"Bhatt","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI179519","article-title":"Pandemics past, present, and future: progress and persistent risks","volume":"134","author":"Casadevall","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00489","article-title":"Remdesivir: a review of its discovery and development leading to emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Eastman","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226022455?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226022455?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T18:05:39Z","timestamp":1794247539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226022455"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226022455"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Remdesivir from failed Ebola drug to first FDA-approved COVID-19 antiviral: The medico-legal integration","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.116867","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116867"}}