{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T18:22:50Z","timestamp":1794248570285,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":194,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010095","name":"Hauts-de-France Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOS0190627\/00 \\u2013 Start-AIRR BPI Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOS0190627\/00 \\u2013 Start-AIRR BPI Program"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-PAMR-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-PAMR-0005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR- 22-CE18-0021-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR- 22-CE18-0021-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003323","name":"ANRS MIE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANRS0521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANRS0521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T21:11:30Z","timestamp":1786569090000},"page":"117133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the multifaceted impact of tuberculosis on coinfections"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Joan","family":"Fine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Trottein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4444-0011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Machelart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Sencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010212","article-title":"Microbial (co)infections: Powerful immune influencers","volume":"18","author":"Hassan","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02284","article-title":"The Macrophage: A Disputed Fortress in the Battle against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"8","author":"Queval","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3211","article-title":"Revisiting the role of the granuloma in tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib5","first-page":"2225","article-title":"Management of Active Tuberculosis","volume":"72","author":"Potter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002152","article-title":"The Global Burden of Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Re-estimation Using Mathematical Modelling","volume":"13","author":"Houben","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib7","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Pai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tuberculosis. Nat. Rev. Dis. Primer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12223","article-title":"Early clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a new frontier in prevention","volume":"141","author":"Verrall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0025-3","article-title":"Immunological mechanisms of human resistance to persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"18","author":"Simmons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01897-8","article-title":"Specific CD4+ T cell phenotypes associate with bacterial control in people who \u2018resist\u2019 infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200511-1783OC","article-title":"Dynamic antigen-specific T-cell responses after point-source exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"174","author":"Ewer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201409-1704OC","article-title":"The dynamics of QuantiFERON-TB gold in-tube conversion and reversion in a cohort of South African adolescents","volume":"191","author":"Andrews","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.08.024","article-title":"Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells provide an antibiotic-protective niche for persistent viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis that survive antibiotic treatment","volume":"184","author":"Beamer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000043","article-title":"Is adipose tissue a place for Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence?","volume":"1","author":"Neyrolles","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800993","article-title":"The End of the Binary Era: Revisiting the Spectrum of Tuberculosis","volume":"201","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib16","article-title":"Revisiting the timetable of tuberculosis","volume":"362","author":"Behr","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2019.11.001","article-title":"Host factors associated to false negative and indeterminate results in an interferon-\u03b3 release assay in patients with active tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2394PP","article-title":"The Epidemiological Importance of Subclinical Tuberculosis. A Critical Reappraisal","volume":"203","author":"Kendall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00021-18","article-title":"Incipient and Subclinical Tuberculosis: a Clinical Review of Early Stages and Progression of Infection","volume":"31","author":"Drain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.01.048","article-title":"Tuberculin skin test - Outdated or still useful for Latent TB infection screening?","volume":"80S","author":"Gualano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01582-19","article-title":"Advances in Molecular Diagnosis of Tuberculosis","volume":"58","author":"MacLean","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib22","series-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2014","author":"Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib24","series-title":"Infections tuberculeuses latentes. D\u00e9tection, prise en charge et surveillance","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2019.05.003","article-title":"Is cough really necessary for TB transmission?","volume":"117","author":"Patterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.747799","article-title":"Macrophage: A Cell With Many Faces and Functions in Tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Ahmad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-0903","article-title":"Neutrophils Are the Predominant Infected Phagocytic Cells in the Airways of Patients With Active Pulmonary TB","volume":"137","author":"Eum","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350715","article-title":"TLR2 on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells promotes control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"54","author":"Reba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20051782","article-title":"TLR9 regulates Th1 responses and cooperates with TLR2 in mediating optimal resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"202","author":"Bafica","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.63.2.736-740.1995","article-title":"Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on murine infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"63","author":"Chan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202303066","article-title":"Peroxisomal ROS control cytosolic Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication in human macrophages","volume":"222","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0018-2016","article-title":"Cytokines and Chemokines in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection","volume":"4","author":"Domingo-Gonzalez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.178.6.2249","article-title":"An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"178","author":"Flynn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4602","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.157.10.4602","article-title":"Role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in Th1 (mycobacterial) and Th2 (schistosomal) antigen-induced granuloma formation: relationship to local inflammation, Th cell expression, and IL-12 production","volume":"157","author":"Chensue","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008459","article-title":"CCL2 Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Are Associated with Disease Severity in Tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Hasan","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2009.12.009","article-title":"The Role of Dendritic Cells in Mycobacterium-Induced Granulomas","volume":"130","author":"Schreiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000363321","article-title":"Natural Killer Cells: A Coherent Model for Their Functional Role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection","volume":"7","author":"Esin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.712457","article-title":"Neutrophil Dynamics Affect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Granuloma Outcomes and Dissemination","volume":"12","author":"Hult","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2321","article-title":"Regulation of antigen presentation by Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a role for Toll-like receptors","volume":"8","author":"Harding","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20210469","article-title":"Eosinophils are part of the granulocyte response in tuberculosis and promote host resistance in mice","volume":"218","author":"Bohrer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/854507","article-title":"Th1 and Th17 Cells in Tuberculosis: Protection, Pathology, and Biomarkers","volume":"2015","author":"Lyadova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.3.347","article-title":"Depletion of Cd4+ T Cells Causes Reactivation of Murine Persistent Tuberculosis despite Continued Expression of Interferon \u03b3 and Nitric Oxide Synthase 2","volume":"192","author":"Scanga","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-015-0490-8","article-title":"CD8 T cells and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05185-2","article-title":"Predictive value of TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-10 for tuberculosis among recently exposed contacts in the United States and Canada","volume":"20","author":"Reichler","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026545","article-title":"Multiple Cytokines Are Released When Blood from Patients with Tuberculosis Is Stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens","volume":"6","author":"Kellar","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.7","article-title":"The role of IL-10 in immune regulation during M. tuberculosis infection","volume":"4","author":"Redford","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.03.020","article-title":"Systemic immune dysregulation in severe tuberculosis patients revealed by a single-cell transcriptome atlas","volume":"86","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903856","article-title":"Understanding Latent Tuberculosis: A Moving Target","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01515-07","article-title":"Tuberculous Granulomas Are Hypoxic in Guinea Pigs, Rabbits, and Nonhuman Primates","volume":"76","author":"Via","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib50","first-page":"57","article-title":"Progression of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in mice aerogenically infected with virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"78","author":"Rhoades","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tuber. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib51","first-page":"83","article-title":"Analysis of the Host-Parasite Equilibrium in Chronic Murine Tuberculosis by Total and Viable Bacillary Counts","volume":"42","author":"Rees","year":"1961","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.10.003","article-title":"Ultra-low Dose Aerosol Infection of Mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis More Closely Models Human Tuberculosis","volume":"29","author":"Plumlee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2236","article-title":"The spectrum of latent tuberculosis: rethinking the goals of prophylaxis","volume":"7","author":"Barry","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-042120-032916","article-title":"Perspectives and Advances in the Understanding of Tuberculosis","volume":"16","author":"Kinsella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib55","first-page":"E9","article-title":"The history of tuberculosis: from the first historical records to the isolation of Koch\u2019s bacillus","volume":"58","author":"Barberis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1126\/science.56.1449.387.b","article-title":"THE DEATH RATE FROM TUBERCULOSIS","volume":"56","author":"Abbott","year":"1922","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.120.1.105","article-title":"THE IMMUNOLOGICAL BASIS OF ACQUIRED CELLULAR RESISTANCE","volume":"120","author":"Mackaness","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib58","first-page":"90","article-title":"Tuberculosis and leprosy; mutually antagonistic diseases","volume":"24","author":"Chaussinand","year":"1953","journal-title":"Lepr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib59","first-page":"379","article-title":"Acquired resistance against Listeria monocytogenes in red mice and CF1 mice immunized with strains of BCG or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Acta Pathol","volume":"84B","author":"Jespersen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Microbiol. Scand. [B]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x","article-title":"A history of influenza","volume":"91","author":"Potter","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.02.053","article-title":"The 1918 influenza pandemic hastened the decline of tuberculosis in the United States: An age, period, cohort analysis","volume":"29","author":"Noymer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162575","article-title":"Influenza Pandemics and Tuberculosis Mortality in 1889 and 1918: Analysis of Historical Data from Switzerland","volume":"11","author":"Z\u00fcrcher","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/124861","article-title":"The Relationship between Tuberculosis and Influenza Death during the Influenza (H1N1) Pandemic from 1918-19","volume":"2012","author":"Oei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Math. Methods Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020074","article-title":"Tuberculosis as a Risk Factor for 1918 Influenza Pandemic Outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Mamelund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PoH-0009-2015","article-title":"Paleomicrobiology of Leprosy","volume":"4","author":"Spigelman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410601172271","article-title":"Leprosy and Tuberculosis: An Insight-Review","volume":"33","author":"Hussain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2019.05.005","article-title":"Revisiting the tuberculosis and leprosy cross-immunity hypothesis: Expanding the dialogue between immunology and paleopathology","volume":"26","author":"Crespo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2015.02.005","article-title":"The leprosarium of Saint-Thomas d\u2019Aizier: The cementochronological proof of the medieval decline of Hansen disease in Europe?","volume":"15","author":"Blondiaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Paleopathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib69","series-title":"Social Bioarchaeology","first-page":"252","article-title":"The Bioarchaeology of Leprosy and Tuberculosis","author":"Roberts","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib70","first-page":"79","article-title":"Leprosy and tuberculosis in Kenya","volume":"39","author":"Leiker","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lepr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2015.02.018","article-title":"Old World tuberculosis: Evidence from human remains with a review of current research and future prospects","volume":"95","author":"Roberts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.12.1923","article-title":"Leprosy and tuberculosis: the epidemiological consequences of cross-immunity","volume":"87","author":"Lietman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib73","first-page":"389","article-title":"Co-infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae in human archaeological samples: a possible explanation for the historical decline of leprosy","volume":"272","author":"Donoghue","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2012.11.008","article-title":"The epidemiological consequences of leprosy-tuberculosis co-infection","volume":"241","author":"Hohmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.15212\/ZOONOSES-2024-1002","article-title":"Global Infectious Diseases from April-June 2024: Periodic Analysis","volume":"4","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zoonoses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z","article-title":"Infectious disease in an era of global change","volume":"20","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(15)00137-X","article-title":"Causes of hospital admission among people living with HIV worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Ford","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2007.10.008","article-title":"Lung granulomas from Mycobacterium tuberculosis\/HIV-1 co-infected patients display decreased in situ TNF production","volume":"204","author":"de Noronha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1086\/593017","article-title":"Early depletion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T helper 1 cell responses after HIV-1 infection","volume":"198","author":"Geldmacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199201233260404","article-title":"An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms","volume":"326","author":"Daley","year":"1992","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1086\/426827","article-title":"How soon after infection with HIV does the risk of tuberculosis start to increase? A retrospective cohort study in South African gold miners","volume":"191","author":"Sonnenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib83","first-page":"200","article-title":"Tuberculosis in the HIV-positive patient","volume":"56","author":"Corbett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Hosp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091446","article-title":"Latent Tuberculosis among Persons at Risk for Infection with HIV, Tijuana, Mexico","volume":"16","author":"Garfein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200109010-00001","article-title":"Increased replication of HIV-1 at sites of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: potential mechanisms of viral activation","volume":"28","author":"Toossi","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.03.005","article-title":"Latent and Active Tuberculosis Infection Increase Immune Activation in Individuals Co-Infected with HIV","volume":"2","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-020-00320-0","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection is associated with increased surrogate marker of the HIV reservoir","volume":"17","author":"Xun","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200302140-00018","article-title":"Occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in HIV-positive patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Ethiopia","volume":"17","author":"Aderaye","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Lond. Engl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib89","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Dual infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HIV-seropositive patients with community acquired pneumonia. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. Off. J. Int. Union Tuberc","volume":"7","author":"Schleicher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib90","author":"Samson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy059","article-title":"Tuberculosis in Visceral Leishmaniasis-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection: An Evidence Gap in Improving Patient Outcomes?","volume":"5","author":"van Griensven","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000963","article-title":"Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection is associated with reduced HIV viral load and lower risk for opportunistic infections in people living with HIV","volume":"18","author":"Kusejko","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.111228","article-title":"Transcriptional profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in people living with HIV","volume":"27","author":"Tepekule","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab539","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated With Increased Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"8","author":"van der Heijden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac179","article-title":"Association Between Cytomegalovirus Infection and Tuberculosis Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Epidemiological Studies","volume":"227","author":"Kua","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib96","first-page":"1127","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus Antibody Responses Associated With Increased Risk of Tuberculosis Disease in Ugandan Adults","volume":"221","author":"Stockdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1740","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00407-1","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus acquisition in infancy and the risk of tuberculosis disease in childhood: a longitudinal birth cohort study in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"9","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib98","first-page":"945","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus in Tuberculosis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Behzadifar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethiop. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac786","article-title":"Association of Treated and Untreated Chronic Hepatitis C With the Incidence of Active Tuberculosis Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"76","author":"Baliashvili","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib100","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus Infection Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Active Tuberculosis Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Study","volume":"94","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8920","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8920","article-title":"Viral hepatitis prevalence in patients with active and latent tuberculosis","volume":"21","author":"Nooredinvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2023.10.031","article-title":"Screening Practices and Risk Factors for Co-Infection with Latent Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B Virus in an Integrated Healthcare System - California, 2008-2019","volume":"137","author":"Malden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.09.011","article-title":"Risk factors associated with hospitalisation for influenza-associated severe acute respiratory illness in South Africa: A case-population study","volume":"34","author":"Abadom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08441-3","article-title":"Burden of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infection among tuberculosis patients: a prospective cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Umbreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0746-x","article-title":"Influenza virus infection is associated with increased risk of death amongst patients hospitalized with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis in South Africa, 2010-2011","volume":"15","author":"Walaza","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib106","article-title":"Interim report on pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infections in South Africa, April to October 2009: epidemiology and factors associated with fatal cases","volume":"14","author":"Archer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Euro Surveill. Bull. Eur. Sur Mal. Transm. Eur. Commun. Dis. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib107","first-page":"14","article-title":"Case series study of the clinical profile of H1N1 swine flu influenza","volume":"59","author":"Puvanalingam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tube.2013.02.006","article-title":"The influence of influenza virus infections on the development of tuberculosis","volume":"93","author":"de Paus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tuberculosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcq022","article-title":"High mortality from respiratory failure secondary to swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in South Africa","volume":"103","author":"Koegelenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"QJM Mon. J. Assoc. Physicians"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.111613","article-title":"Concurrent tuberculosis and influenza, South Korea","volume":"19","author":"Noh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020111","article-title":"Risk factors for hospitalized seasonal influenza in rural western Kenya","volume":"6","author":"Ope","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib112","first-page":"244","article-title":"Concurrent influenza virus infection and tuberculosis in patients hospitalized with respiratory illness in Thailand. Influenza Other Respir","volume":"7","author":"Roth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1934-z","article-title":"Respiratory microbes present in the nasopharynx of children hospitalised with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Dube","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib114","article-title":"Emergence of Haemophilus influenzae Strains in the Nasopharynx of Children with Tuberculosis. Pulm","volume":"2011","author":"Martynova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0828-4","article-title":"Tuberculosis and other bacterial co-infection in Cambodia: a single center retrospective cross-sectional study","volume":"19","author":"Attia","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pulm. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib116","first-page":"387","article-title":"Prevalence of Candida co-infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Australas","volume":"6","author":"Kali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.62347\/CBWV2685","article-title":"Characteristics and risk factors of pulmonary fungal infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-029X.185913","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of opportunistic candidal infections among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"20","author":"Astekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-79","article-title":"Co-infection of tuberculosis and parasitic diseases in humans: a systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1179\/136485907X176373","article-title":"HIV and parasitic co-infections in tuberculosis patients: a cross-sectional study in Mwanza, Tanzania","volume":"101","author":"Range","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.2703","article-title":"Tuberculosis with malaria or HIV co-infection in a large hospital in Luanda, Angola","volume":"7","author":"Valadas","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13282","article-title":"Tuberculosis and malaria walk side by side in the Brazilian Amazon: an ecological approach","volume":"24","author":"Teixeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08716-9","article-title":"Intestinal helminth co-infection and associated factors among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Africa and Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zenebe","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000500020","article-title":"Intestinal nematodes and pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"35","author":"Trist\u00e3o-S\u00e1","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01578.x","article-title":"Are intestinal helminths risk factors for developing active tuberculosis?","volume":"11","author":"Elias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1590\/S1413-86702009000600008","article-title":"Enteroparasitosis prevalence and parasitism influence in clinical outcomes of tuberculosis patients with or without HIV co-infection in a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro (2000-2006)","volume":"13","author":"Neto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.819","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni, nematode infections, and progression to active tuberculosis among HIV-1-infected Ugandans","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.87.1.109","article-title":"Tuberculosis and leprosy infections in the Marshallese population of Arkansas, USA","volume":"87","author":"Cardenas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lepr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268814002131","article-title":"Tuberculosis and the risk of infection with other intracellular bacteria: a population-based study","volume":"143","author":"HUAMAN","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.03.019","article-title":"Prevalence and clinical significance of respiratory viruses and bacteria detected in tuberculosis patients compared to household contact controls in Tanzania: a cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Mhimbira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003994","article-title":"Asymptomatic Helminth Infection in Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Increased Regulatory and Th-2 Responses and a Lower Sputum Smear Positivity","volume":"9","author":"Abate","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1086\/528856","article-title":"The Incidence of Tuberculosis after a Measles Outbreak","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib133","first-page":"497","article-title":"Co-infections and antimicrobial resistance profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae among patients with pulmonary infections attending tertiary health facilities in Makurdi, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Isaac","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbes Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib134","article-title":"Review of clinical profile, risk factors, and outcomein patients with Tuberculosis and COVID -19","volume":"92","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253169","article-title":"Association of the past epidemic of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with mortality and incidence of COVID-19","volume":"16","author":"Inoue","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110214","article-title":"Role of latent tuberculosis infections in reduced COVID-19 mortality: Evidence from an instrumental variable method analysis","volume":"144","author":"Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib137","article-title":"Prevalence of Co-infection of Culture-Proven Bacterial Pathogens in Microbiologically Confirmed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients From a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"16","author":"Bir","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0389","article-title":"Bacterial co-infection and early mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Manila, The Philippines","volume":"22","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib139","first-page":"21","article-title":"BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS AND THE DRUG SENSITIVITY TEST PATTERNS","volume":"19","author":"Pujiaty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7175","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S421587","article-title":"Clinical and Microbiological Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae Co-Infections in Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Retrospective Study","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib141","first-page":"1","article-title":"Incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infections Among Patients Attending Tuberculosis Clinics in Ekpoma, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Agwu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shiraz E-Medical Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib142","author":"Amala"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib143","first-page":"6","article-title":"Prevalence of opportunistic fungal infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Madhya Pradesh","volume":"1","author":"Yadu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Central India"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104018","article-title":"Aspergillus coinfection among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Asia and Africa countries; A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies","volume":"141","author":"Hosseini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02980","article-title":"Concomitant Presence of Aspergillus Species and Mycobacterium Species in the Respiratory Tract of Patients: Underestimated Co-occurrence?","volume":"10","author":"Delli\u00e8re","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01337.x","article-title":"Infection rates with Leishmania donovani and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a village in eastern Sudan","volume":"9","author":"el-Safi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib147","article-title":"High Rates of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria Isolation in Mozambican Children with Presumptive Tuberculosis","volume":"12","author":"L\u00f3pez-Varela","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib148","article-title":"Incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial disease and coinfection with tuberculosis in a tuberculosis-endemic region","volume":"99","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1086\/498912","article-title":"Preexposure to live Brugia malayi microfilariae alters the innate response of human dendritic cells to Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"193","author":"Talaat","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000489","article-title":"Attenuation of Toll-Like Receptor Expression and Function in Latent Tuberculosis by Coexistent Filarial Infection with Restoration Following Antifilarial Chemotherapy","volume":"3","author":"Babu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02893","article-title":"Human Hookworm Infection Enhances Mycobacterial Growth Inhibition and Associates With Reduced Risk of Tuberculosis Infection","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Shea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1159\/000512279","article-title":"Helminth Antigen Exposure Enhances Early Immune Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Monocytes and Macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Togarsimalemath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20091473","article-title":"Preexisting helminth infection induces inhibition of innate pulmonary anti-tuberculosis defense by engaging the IL-4 receptor pathway","volume":"208","author":"Potian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.05.013","article-title":"Malaria exacerbates experimental mycobacterial infection in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Hawkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.144","article-title":"Short report: modulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection by Plasmodium in the murine model","volume":"70","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009611","article-title":"Reactivation of Latent Tuberculosis in Cynomolgus Macaques Infected with SIV Is Associated with Early Peripheral T Cell Depletion and Not Virus Load","volume":"5","author":"Diedrich","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.01.021","article-title":"HIV-1 and SIV Infection Are Associated with Early Loss of Lung Interstitial CD4+ T Cells and Dissemination of Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"26","author":"Corleis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5254","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI125810","article-title":"Mechanisms of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection due to SIV coinfection","volume":"129","author":"Buc\u015fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.03093","article-title":"Changes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Immunity With Influenza co-infection at Time of TB Diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Mendy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit424","article-title":"Influenza A Virus Impairs Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coinfection Through a Type I Interferon Receptor\u2013Dependent Pathway","volume":"209","author":"Redford","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.130090","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection is a risk factor for tuberculosis disease in infants","volume":"4","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.140","article-title":"Colonization with Helicobacter is concomitant with modified gut microbiota and drastic failure of the immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Majlessi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008804","article-title":"Infection with Helicobacter pylori Is Associated with Protection against Tuberculosis","volume":"5","author":"Perry","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib164","article-title":"Blocking IL-10 receptor signaling ameliorates Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection during influenza-induced exacerbation","volume":"5","author":"Ring","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5161","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203311","article-title":"Modulation of mycobacterial-specific Th1 and Th17 cells in latent tuberculosis by coincident hookworm infection","volume":"190","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib166","first-page":"822","article-title":"Modulation of pro- and anti - inflammatory cytokines in active and latent tuberculosis by coexistent Strongyloides stercoralis infection","volume":"95","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tuberc. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2006.03247.x","article-title":"Intestinal helminth co-infection has a negative impact on both anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis immunity and clinical response to tuberculosis therapy","volume":"147","author":"Resende Co","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004375","article-title":"Helminth infections coincident with active pulmonary tuberculosis inhibit mono- and multifunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in a process dependent on IL-10","volume":"10","author":"George","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1086\/599797","article-title":"Human type 1 and 17 responses in latent tuberculosis are modulated by coincident filarial infection through cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 and programmed death-1","volume":"200","author":"Babu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402718","article-title":"Filarial infection modulates the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis through expansion of CD4+ IL-4 memory T cells","volume":"194","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180325","article-title":"Type I interferons in tuberculosis: Foe and occasionally friend","volume":"215","author":"Moreira-Teixeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30914-3","article-title":"Viral coinfection promotes tuberculosis immunopathogenesis by type I IFN signaling-dependent impediment of Th1 cell pulmonary influx","volume":"13","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010061","article-title":"Understanding the interaction between cytomegalovirus and tuberculosis in children: The way forward","volume":"17","author":"Olbrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.01.003","article-title":"Early innate and adaptive immune perturbations determine long-term severity of chronic virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection","volume":"54","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2010-0319OC","article-title":"IL-10 blocks phagosome maturation in mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected human macrophages","volume":"45","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1695","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus harbors its own unique IL-10 homolog (cmvIL-10)","volume":"97","author":"Kotenko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12861","article-title":"Modulation of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis during malaria\/M. tuberculosis co-infection","volume":"187","author":"Chukwuanukwu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008655","article-title":"Contained Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection induces concomitant and heterologous protection","volume":"16","author":"Nemeth","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007305","article-title":"Concurrent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis confers robust protection against secondary infection in macaques","volume":"14","author":"Cadena","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03075-22","article-title":"Superinfection with SARS-CoV-2 Has Deleterious Effects on Mycobacterium bovis BCG Immunity and Promotes Dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"10","author":"Hildebrand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010093","article-title":"Mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to acute disease caused by secondary infection with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"18","author":"Rosas Mejia","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1240419","article-title":"Co-infection of mice with SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis limits early viral replication but does not affect mycobacterial loads","volume":"14","author":"Baker","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.07.029","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis co-infection is associated with heightened levels of humoral, cytokine and acute phase responses in seropositive SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"83","author":"Rajamanickam","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09247","article-title":"An interferon-inducible neutrophil-driven blood transcriptional signature in human tuberculosis","volume":"466","author":"Berry","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.005","article-title":"Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study Shows Early Interferon Therapy Is Associated with Favorable Clinical Responses in COVID-19 Patients","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1424374","article-title":"Protective interplay: Mycobacterium tuberculosis diminishes SARS-CoV-2 severity through innate immune priming","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202191","article-title":"Latent tuberculosis infection is associated with increased unstimulated levels of interferon-gamma in Lima, Peru","volume":"13","author":"Huaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43447-0","article-title":"Bacterial-induced or passively administered interferon gamma conditions the lung for early control of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"14","author":"Hilligan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104037","article-title":"Interferon-gamma inhibits influenza A virus cellular attachment by reducing sialic acid cluster size","volume":"25","author":"Fong","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113575","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-Infection","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02828","article-title":"The Role of Macrophages in HIV-1 Persistence and Pathogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Kruize","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.091","article-title":"Tuberculosis exacerbates HIV-1 infection through IL-10\/STAT3-dependent tunneling nanotube formation in macrophages","volume":"26","author":"Souriant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.369","article-title":"The influence of cytokines, chemokines and their receptors on HIV-1 replication in monocytes and macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Kedzierska","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1086\/381554","article-title":"Inhibition of HIV-1 replication in monocyte-derived macrophages by Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"189","author":"Goletti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8369","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.12.8369-8380.2005","article-title":"Mycobacterium-induced potentiation of type 1 immune responses and protection against malaria are host specific","volume":"73","author":"Page","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib196","article-title":"An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei","volume":"50829","author":"Mueller","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2021.12.006","article-title":"BCG vaccination induces cross-protective immunity against pathogenic microorganisms","volume":"43","author":"Soto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226025113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226025113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T17:55:10Z","timestamp":1794246910000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226025113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":194,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226025113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Unraveling the multifaceted impact of tuberculosis on coinfections","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117133","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117133"}}