{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:49:09Z","timestamp":1791596949671,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T14:20:06Z","timestamp":1787926806000},"page":"117322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The gut-prostate axis in benign prostatic diseases: Mechanistic pathways and therapeutic implications"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Qizhen","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quanxin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2017.06.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"4","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-024-01582-w","article-title":"Global burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in males aged 60-90 years from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"24","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib3","first-page":"45","article-title":"Acute and Chronic Prostatitis","volume":"110","author":"Lam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1159\/000496289","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Benign Prostatic Enlargement: A Mini-Review","volume":"65","author":"Madersbacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.15518","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia: Pathophysiology and treatment options","volume":"31","author":"Inamura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.03.139","article-title":"Mechanisms in prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"179","author":"Pontari","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1445-8","article-title":"Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components","volume":"57","author":"Rowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-024-01014-8","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids: linking diet, the microbiome and immunity","volume":"24","author":"Mann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1108","article-title":"Minireview: Gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ","volume":"28","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib11","first-page":"576","article-title":"The gut-prostate axis: from microbial dysbiosis to prostatic diseases","volume":"46","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin J Urol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1248381","article-title":"Association between gut microbiota and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2676","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112676","article-title":"Exploring the Association between Gut and Urine Microbiota and Prostatic Disease including Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer Using 16S rRNA Sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00466-9","article-title":"Identification of an intestinal microbiota enterotypes in ageing man diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)","volume":"15","author":"Ratajczak-Zacharko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24223","article-title":"The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human gut microbiota is associated with prostate enlargement","volume":"81","author":"Takezawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14972","article-title":"The effect of the urinary and faecal microbiota on lower urinary tract symptoms measured by the International Prostate Symptom Score: analysis utilising next-generation sequencing","volume":"125","author":"Holland","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10934","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.202968","article-title":"Alterations in fecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched short-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and metabolic syndrome (MetS)","volume":"13","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib18","first-page":"10875","article-title":"Tissue immunoexpression of IL-6 and IL-18 in aging men with BPH and MetS and their relationship with lipid parameters and gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids","volume":"15","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2025.110294","article-title":"Beneficial effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on benign prostatic hyperplasia and metabolic syndrome","volume":"768","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71261","article-title":"Causal Relationship Between Gut Microbiota and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Analyses, 16S rRNA Sequencing and Clinical Retrospective Study","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2025.12.016","article-title":"Diversity of Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia with Different Prostate Volumes","volume":"84","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Open Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.70160","article-title":"Exploring the Gut-Prostate Axis: Microbial Signatures Linked to Prostate Volume and Bladder Function","volume":"86","author":"Surber","year":"2026","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.02.2959","article-title":"Analysis of Gut Microbiome Reveals Significant Differences between Men with Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome and Controls","volume":"196","author":"Shoskes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-023-04587-6","article-title":"Gut microbiome in men with chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: profiling and its predictive significance","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14553","article-title":"Chronic nonbacterial prostate inflammation in a rat model is associated with changes of gut microbiota that can be modified with a galactoglucomannan-rich hemicellulose extract in the diet","volume":"123","author":"Konkol","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.915218","article-title":"Gut Microflora Modulates Th17\/Treg Cell Differentiation in Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis via the Short-Chain Fatty Acid Propionate","volume":"13","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prnil.2024.11.004","article-title":"Sex hormones, blood metabolites and proteins mediating the causal associations between gut microbiota and prostatic diseases: evidences from Mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostate Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2025.157458","article-title":"Total tanshinones extract alleviates chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by modifying intestinal flora and suppressing the LPS-TLR4 axis","volume":"148","author":"Ning","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib29","first-page":"12","article-title":"Alterations of gut microbiota diversity, composition and metabonomics in testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia rats","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5904","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065904","article-title":"Alteration of Gut Microbes in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Model and Finasteride Treatment Model","volume":"24","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11312","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M211609200","article-title":"The orphan G protein-coupled receptors GPR41 and GPR43 are activated by propionate and other short chain carboxylic acids","volume":"278","author":"Brown","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.12.007","article-title":"Activation of Gpr109a, receptor for niacin and the commensal metabolite butyrate, suppresses colonic inflammation and carcinogenesis","volume":"40","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5759","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S508576","article-title":"IGF1R Promotes Th17\/Treg Cell Development in Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis","volume":"18","author":"Guan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.240223","article-title":"Alcohol Intake-Induced Aggravation of Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome is Associated with Reduced Gut Microbiota-Driven Short-Chain Fatty Acid Propionate and Butyrate","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib35","article-title":"Antibiotic cocktail-induced changes in gut microbiota drive alteration of bile acid metabolism to restrain Th17 differentiation through the FXR-NLRP3 axis","volume":"17","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112669","article-title":"Alcohol intake exacerbates experimental autoimmune prostatitis through gut microbiota driving cholesterol biosynthesis-mediated Th17 differentiation","volume":"139","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12661","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05943","article-title":"Poria cocos Polysaccharides Alleviates Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis by Preventing Oxidative Stress, Regulating Hormone Production, Modifying Gut Microbiota, and Remodeling the DNA Methylome","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.12490","article-title":"Stress and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Visceral Pain: Relevance to Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"22","author":"Moloney","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-018-0476-7","article-title":"Visceral pain: gut microbiota, a new hope?","volume":"25","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.23978","article-title":"Abnormal gut microbiota composition is associated with experimental autoimmune prostatitis-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice","volume":"80","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.24794","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota involved in prostate microenvironment and symptoms improvement in chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients treated with low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave","volume":"84","author":"Kong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.220248","article-title":"Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction Is Related to Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome","volume":"42","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Mens Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.01.144","article-title":"Autonomic nervous system changes in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"177","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-010-0111-y","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and pelvic floor spasm: can we diagnose and treat?","volume":"11","author":"Westesson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.088","article-title":"Muscle tenderness in men with chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: the chronic prostatitis cohort study","volume":"179","author":"Shoskes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzac059","article-title":"Impaired Ability to Relax Pelvic Floor Muscles in Men With Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome","volume":"102","author":"Yani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2009.08850.x","article-title":"Chronic prostatitis presenting with dysfunctional voiding and effects of pelvic floor biofeedback treatment","volume":"105","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2025.04.013","article-title":"Impact of Lifestyle and the Microbiome on Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.03.077","article-title":"Chronic Prostatitis Induces Bladder Hypersensitivity and Sensitizes Bladder Afferents in the Mouse","volume":"196","author":"Schwartz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-021-00882-9","article-title":"Cross-organ sensitization between the prostate and bladder in an experimental rat model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"21","author":"Aydogdu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R396","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00106.2021","article-title":"Acyloxyacyl hydrolase is a host determinant of gut microbiome-mediated pelvic pain","volume":"321","author":"Rahman-Enyart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269140","article-title":"Acyloxyacyl hydrolase regulates microglia-mediated pelvic pain","volume":"17","author":"Rahman-Enyart","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.615928","article-title":"High-Fat Diet Induced Gut Microbiota Alterations Associating With Ghrelin\/Jak2\/Stat3 Up-Regulation to Promote Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Development","volume":"9","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2021.1920911","article-title":"Association of the inflammatory potential of diet and lower urinary tract symptoms among men in the United States","volume":"24","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib57","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory diet and risk of prostate diseases, lower urinary tract symptoms: A cross-sectional study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003 to 2008","volume":"103","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.70009","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Pathway to Improved Urinary Health","volume":"85","author":"Da\u011fl\u0131","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051348","article-title":"High Intake of Sugar and the Balance between Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Gut Bacteria","volume":"12","author":"Satokari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2016.1270811","article-title":"Western diets, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic diseases: Are they linked?","volume":"8","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3675","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183675","article-title":"Higher Intake of Fat, Vitamin E-(\u03b2+\u03b3), Magnesium, Sodium, and Copper Increases the Susceptibility to Prostatitis-like Symptoms: Evidence from a Chinese Adult Cohort","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.07.015","article-title":"Effects of foods and beverages on the symptoms of chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"82","author":"Herati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/pcan.2015.57","article-title":"Association of diet and lifestyle with chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and pain severity: a case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2174\/0929866524666170220113312","article-title":"Dietary Fiber Gap and Host Gut Microbiota","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Protein Pept. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518002465","article-title":"Association of dietary fibre intake and gut microbiota in adults","volume":"120","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.06.019","article-title":"Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status","volume":"184","author":"Wastyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.14147","article-title":"Sitting time, physical activity and the risk of lower urinary tract symptoms: a cohort study","volume":"122","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000472","article-title":"Physical activity and chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"47","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071070","article-title":"Effects of Exercise on Gut Microbiota of Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001495","article-title":"Exercise Alters Gut Microbiota Composition and Function in Lean and Obese Humans","volume":"50","author":"Allen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9603","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119603","article-title":"Sleep Deprivation and Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis: Current Understandings and Implications","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2025.2536521","article-title":"Gut microbiota and circadian disruption in humans: Is there a rationale for metabolic disorders?","volume":"42","author":"Romanenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2016.10.003","article-title":"Gut microbiota and glucometabolic alterations in response to recurrent partial sleep deprivation in normal-weight young individuals","volume":"5","author":"Benedict","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2019.02.003","article-title":"Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia","volume":"46","author":"Langan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2004.12.008","article-title":"Benign prostatic hyperplasia: age-related tissue-remodeling","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123759","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome, Aging, and Longevity: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Badal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2359677","article-title":"The human gut microbiome and aging","volume":"16","author":"Bradley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-015-1626-0","article-title":"Meta-analysis of metabolic syndrome and benign prostatic hyperplasia in Chinese patients","volume":"34","author":"Zou","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib79","article-title":"Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Xin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.11.029","article-title":"Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia: clinical connections, emerging etiological paradigms and future directions","volume":"189","author":"Parsons","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1007\/s10528-023-10634-z","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Disorders in Obesity-Associated Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats","volume":"62","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.05.100","article-title":"Lifestyle and Risk of Chronic Prostatitis\/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in a Cohort of United States Male Health Professionals","volume":"194","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223647","article-title":"Analysis of the Beneficial Effects of Probiotics on the Gut-Prostate Axis Using Prostatic Co-Culture Model","volume":"13","author":"Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.029","article-title":"Metabolites of gut microbiota fermenting Poria cocos polysaccharide alleviates chronic nonbacterial prostatitis in rats","volume":"209","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1163\/18762891-20230039","article-title":"Fermented rape pollen powder can alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats by reducing hormone content and changing gut microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib86","first-page":"21","article-title":"High-salt-driven gut microbiota dysfunction aggravates prostatitis by promoting AHR\/SGK1\/FOXO1 axis-mediated Th17 cell differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1037279","article-title":"Sodium butyrate treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation provide relief from ulcerative colitis-induced prostate enlargement","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12574","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.206103","article-title":"Wenshenqianlie capsule improves benign prostatic hyperplasia via its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib89","article-title":"Exploring the potential mechanism of Xiaojin Pill therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia through metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.70032","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Attenuates Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Development via Regulating Firmicutes to Inhibit Gastric Secretion of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1","volume":"49","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/03915603251408298","article-title":"Prostate health supporting by a novel nutraceutical compound with antioxidant property: Results from a pilot study","volume":"93","author":"Marino","year":"2026","journal-title":"Urologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12878","article-title":"Rapeseed bee pollen alleviates chronic non-bacterial prostatitis via regulating gut microbiota","volume":"103","author":"Qiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155249","article-title":"Astaxanthin alleviates chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by increasing colonization of Akkermansia muciniphila in the intestine","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.4103\/aja202427","article-title":"Berberine hydrochloride alleviates chronic prostatitis\/chronic pelvic pain syndrome by modifying gut microbiome signaling","volume":"26","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-14-53","article-title":"Chronic bacterial prostatitis: efficacy of short-lasting antibiotic therapy with prulifloxacin (Unidrox\u00ae) in association with saw palmetto extract, lactobacillus sporogens and arbutin (Lactorepens\u00ae)","volume":"14","author":"Busetto","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1159\/000502765","article-title":"The Use of a Combination of Vaccinium Macracarpon, Lycium barbarum L. and Probiotics (Bifiprost\u00ae) for the Prevention of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis: A Double-Blind Randomized Study","volume":"103","author":"Chiancone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-020-03580-7","article-title":"The use of Lactobacillus casei DG\u00ae prevents symptomatic episodes and reduces the antibiotic use in patients affected by chronic bacterial prostatitis: results from a phase IV study","volume":"39","author":"Cai","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010130","article-title":"Probiotics in the Management of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial to Evaluate a Possible Link Between Gut Microbiota Restoring and Symptom Relief","volume":"13","author":"Vocca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1243824","article-title":"Case report: Successful treatment of recurrent E. coli infection with bacteriophage therapy for patient suffering from chronic bacterial prostatitis","volume":"14","author":"Johri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.692614","article-title":"Case Report: Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis Treated With Phage Therapy After Multiple Failed Antibiotic Treatments","volume":"12","author":"Johri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226027008?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226027008?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:53:02Z","timestamp":1791593582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226027008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226027008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The gut-prostate axis in benign prostatic diseases: Mechanistic pathways and therapeutic implications","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117322","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117322"}}