{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:02:52Z","timestamp":1792648972718,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004431","name":"Fondation de France","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00106077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00106077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004431","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"H2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003762","name":"Institut Pasteur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-NCOV THERAMAB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-NCOV THERAMAB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"French National Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20RR028-00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20RR028-00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004562","name":"Minist\u00e8re de l'Enseignement sup\u00e9rieur et de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004571","name":"Minist\u00e8re des Affaires Sociales et de la Sant\u00e9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004571","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T15:10:11Z","timestamp":1788793811000},"page":"117345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epitope-driven polyfunctional divergence of SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Rosenbaum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Planchais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timoth\u00e9e","family":"Bruel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Beretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Staropoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William-Henry","family":"Bolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Guivel-Benhassine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Planas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4230-610X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Mouquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2206573","article-title":"Covid-19 Vaccines \u2014 Immunity, Variants, Boosters","volume":"387","author":"Barouch","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01248-5","article-title":"The humoral response and antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"23","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042754","article-title":"Antibody and B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination: The End of the Beginning","volume":"19","author":"R\u00f6ltgen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ai.2022.07.001","article-title":"Antibody-mediated immunity to SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"154","author":"Errico","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00784-3","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2852-1","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody structures inform therapeutic strategies","volume":"588","author":"Barnes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36295-5","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibodies through epitope-based selection from convalescent patients","volume":"14","author":"Rouet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.037","article-title":"Mapping Neutralizing and Immunodominant Sites on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain by Structure-Guided High-Resolution Serology","volume":"183","author":"Piccoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.05.005","article-title":"Tackling COVID-19 with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies","volume":"184","author":"Corti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.05.005","article-title":"Antibody-mediated neutralization of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"55","author":"Gruell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.018","article-title":"Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110812","article-title":"LY-CoV1404 (bebtelovimab) potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 variants","volume":"39","author":"Westendorf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00542-x","article-title":"Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00672-y","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac802","article-title":"Rapid Selection of Sotrovimab Escape Variants in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron-Infected Immunocompromised Patients","volume":"76","author":"Gliga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36561-6","article-title":"Resistance of Omicron subvariants BA.2.75.2, BA.4.6, and BQ.1.1 to neutralizing antibodies","volume":"14","author":"Planas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.111845","article-title":"Rational identification of potent and broad sarbecovirus-neutralizing antibody cocktails from SARS convalescents","volume":"41","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.09.026","article-title":"A potent pan-sarbecovirus neutralizing antibody resilient to epitope diversification","volume":"187","author":"Rosen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib19","article-title":"Human vaccines and immunotherapeutics: News February 2025","volume":"21","author":"Ellis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.116440","article-title":"Antibody evasion and receptor binding of SARS-CoV-2 LP.8.1.1, NB.1.8.1, XFG, and related subvariants","volume":"44","author":"Mellis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib21","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Spike in convalescent individuals up to 8 months post-symptom onset","volume":"2","author":"Anand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.052","article-title":"Compromised Humoral Functional Evolution Tracks with SARS-CoV-2 Mortality","volume":"183","author":"Zohar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2024.06.003","article-title":"Protective non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies","volume":"45","author":"Izadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abm2311","article-title":"mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccines elicit antibodies with differences in Fc-mediated effector functions","volume":"14","author":"Kaplonek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-40960-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination elicits broad and potent antibody effector functions to variants of concern in vulnerable populations","volume":"14","author":"Hederman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib26","article-title":"The Fc-effector function of COVID-19 convalescent plasma contributes to SARS-CoV-2 treatment efficacy in mice","volume":"4","author":"Ullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20201993","article-title":"Antibody potency, effector function, and combinations in protection and therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo","volume":"218","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib28","article-title":"Asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections elicit polyfunctional antibodies","volume":"2","author":"Dufloo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.01.005","article-title":"Deciphering Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"32","author":"Beaudoin-Bussi\u00e8res","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00813-1","article-title":"Beyond neutralization: Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2023.07.007","article-title":"Sotrovimab therapy elicits antiviral activities against Omicron BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 in sera of immunocompromised patients","volume":"4","author":"Bruel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06487-6","article-title":"Neutralization, effector function and immune imprinting of Omicron variants","volume":"621","author":"Addetia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ade0958","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies to cold linear epitopes and subdomain 1 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"8","author":"Bianchini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01155-3","article-title":"Neutralization mechanism of a human antibody with pan-coronavirus reactivity including SARS-CoV-2","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq2679","article-title":"ACE2-binding exposes the SARS-CoV-2 fusion peptide to broadly neutralizing coronavirus antibodies","volume":"377","author":"Low","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20220638","article-title":"Potent human broadly SARS-CoV-2\u2013neutralizing IgA and IgG antibodies effective against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2","volume":"219","author":"Planchais","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.09.017","article-title":"Efficient generation of monoclonal antibodies from single human B cells by single cell RT-PCR and expression vector cloning","volume":"329","author":"Tiller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd0827","article-title":"Studies in humanized mice and convalescent humans yield a SARS-CoV-2 antibody cocktail","volume":"369","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-020-0530-3","article-title":"COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abf1906","article-title":"The neutralizing antibody, LY-CoV555, protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates","volume":"13","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20602-5","article-title":"A therapeutic neutralizing antibody targeting receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2548-6","article-title":"Potently neutralizing and protective human antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"584","author":"Zost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf4830","article-title":"Broad and potent activity against SARS-like viruses by an engineered human monoclonal antibody","volume":"371","author":"Rappazzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2349-y","article-title":"Cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 by a human monoclonal SARS-CoV antibody","volume":"583","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020106267","article-title":"Syncytia formation by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells","volume":"39","author":"Buchrieser","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73027","article-title":"Highly synergistic combinations of nanobodies that target SARS-CoV-2 and are resistant to escape","volume":"10","author":"Mast","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010691","article-title":"Potent universal beta-coronavirus therapeutic activity mediated by direct respiratory administration of a Spike S2 domain-specific human neutralizing monoclonal antibody","volume":"18","author":"Piepenbrink","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq3773","article-title":"Broadly neutralizing antibodies target the coronavirus fusion peptide","volume":"377","author":"Dacon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2381-y","article-title":"A human neutralizing antibody targets the receptor-binding site of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"584","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13393","article-title":"Fc-Fc\u03b3R interactions during infections: From neutralizing antibodies to antibody-dependent enhancement","volume":"328","author":"Edgar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-083122-043054","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2: The Interplay Between Evolution and Host Immunity","volume":"43","author":"Case","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00809-7","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant evasion of monoclonal antibodies based on in vitro studies","volume":"21","author":"Cox","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110354","article-title":"Broad sarbecovirus neutralization by combined memory B cell antibodies to ancestral SARS-CoV-2","volume":"27","author":"Planchais","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2314730121","article-title":"High-resolution map of the Fc functions mediated by COVID-19- neutralizing antibodies","volume":"121","author":"Paciello","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114922","article-title":"Protective effect and molecular mechanisms of human non-neutralizing cross-reactive spike antibodies elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination","volume":"43","author":"Clark","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.026","article-title":"Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions for optimal therapeutic protection","volume":"184","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2317222121","article-title":"Evidence of antigenic drift in the fusion machinery core of SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"121","author":"Tan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011569","article-title":"Non-neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 N-terminal domain antibodies protect mice against severe disease using Fc-mediated effector functions","volume":"20","author":"Pierre","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04980-y","article-title":"BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection","volume":"608","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05644-7","article-title":"Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent Omicron RBD evolution","volume":"614","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3","article-title":"Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies","volume":"602","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04389-z","article-title":"Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization","volume":"602","author":"Planas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.01.001","article-title":"mRNA-1273 vaccine-induced antibodies maintain Fc effector functions across SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern","volume":"55","author":"Kaplonek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.113084","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines elicit differential Fc effector functions","volume":"28","author":"Manamela","year":"2025","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abn9237","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination elicits robust antibody responses in children","volume":"14","author":"Bartsch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106582","article-title":"Selective SARS-CoV2 BA.2 escape of antibody Fc\/Fc-receptor interactions","volume":"26","author":"Bartsch","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086907","article-title":"Predominant autoantibody production by early human B cell precursors","volume":"301","author":"Wardemann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46490-7","article-title":"Distinct evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86\/JN.1 lineages combining increased fitness and antibody evasion","volume":"15","author":"Planas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abc3103","article-title":"A comparison of four serological assays for detecting anti\u2013SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in human serum samples from different populations","volume":"12","author":"Grzelak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03777-9","article-title":"Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization","volume":"596","author":"Planas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01318-5","article-title":"Sensitivity of infectious SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants to neutralizing antibodies","volume":"27","author":"Planas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1337","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab308","article-title":"Sera Neutralizing Activities Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and Multiple Variants 6 Months After Hospitalization for Coronavirus Disease 2019","volume":"73","author":"Betton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2015.04.010","article-title":"Efficient generation of human IgA monoclonal antibodies","volume":"422","author":"Lorin","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646446","article-title":"Scarcity of autoreactive human blood IgA+ memory B cells","volume":"46","author":"Prigent","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226027239?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226027239?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:32:41Z","timestamp":1791595961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226027239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226027239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epitope-driven polyfunctional divergence of SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117345","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117345"}}