{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T01:49:20Z","timestamp":1791596960445,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ5573"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ5573"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82172399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172399"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002822","name":"Central South University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZZTS0163"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZZTS0163"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002822","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:17:08Z","timestamp":1788538628000},"page":"117456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global and Asian regional burden of musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2023"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Yuming","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9810-7372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djandan Tadum","family":"Arthur Vithran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1076","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"348","author":"Burton","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205327","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders and the Global Burden of Disease study","volume":"73","author":"Storheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"Diseases","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2015.81","article-title":"Setting the research agenda for improving health care in musculoskeletal disorders","volume":"11","author":"Buchbinder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2014.90","article-title":"Epidemiology: measurement matters--making musculoskeletal disease count","volume":"10","author":"Ellis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.02.013","article-title":"Obesity substantially impacts rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: time to act","volume":"84","author":"Sattar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01990-1","article-title":"The Global Burden of Disease Study at 30 years","volume":"28","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00769-4","article-title":"Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"Murray","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31404-5","article-title":"Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"396","author":"Disease","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib10","article-title":"Global burden of musculoskeletal disorders and attributable factors in 204 countries and territories: a secondary analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41571","article-title":"Prevalence, Deaths, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Musculoskeletal Disorders for 195 Countries and Territories 1990-2017","volume":"73","author":"Safiri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e508","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990-2020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e594","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00211-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Black","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e670","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00232-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of other musculoskeletal disorders, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Gill","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00098-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990-2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"5","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e142","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00321-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e507","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(24)00117-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of gout, 1990-2020, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"6","author":"Cross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00311-3","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual violence against children and age at first exposure: a global analysis by location, age, and sex (1990-2023)","volume":"405","author":"Cagney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195308132490704","article-title":"The effect of aging of population on general health problems","volume":"249","author":"Monroe","year":"1953","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-024-00393-8","article-title":"Effects of population aging on quality of life and disease burden: a population-based study","volume":"10","author":"Xi","year":"2025","journal-title":"glob. health res. policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01608.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of osteoarthritis in Asia","volume":"14","author":"Fransen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200122","article-title":"Prevalence of work related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) and ergonomic risk assessment among readymade garment workers of Bangladesh: A cross sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01525-8","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"402","author":"Di Matteo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02322-5","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"405","author":"Kloppenburg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00569-9","article-title":"Gout","volume":"397","author":"Dalbeth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217050","article-title":"Incidence trend of five common musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2017 at the global, regional and national level: results from the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"79","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.04.009","article-title":"Global pattern, trend, and cross-country inequality of early musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2019, with projection from 2020 to 2050","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S525330","article-title":"Global, Regional and National Burden of Low Back Pain in Adolescents Aged 10-19 years, 1990-2021: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-025-03035-2","article-title":"Revealing the mediating mechanisms between BMI and osteoarthritis: a Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis","volume":"37","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010123","article-title":"Interaction of Osteoarthritis and BMI on Leptin Promoter Methylation in Taiwanese Adults","volume":"21","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12572","article-title":"Prevalence of low back pain and related disability in patients with femoroacetabular impingement syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Brown-Taylor","year":"2022","journal-title":"PM&R"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib32","article-title":"Association between TyG-BMI and gout in US adults: evidence from NHANES 2007-2018","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-015-0170-y","article-title":"The Double Burden of Undernutrition and Overnutrition in Developing Countries: an Update","volume":"4","author":"Abdullah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2020.04.001","volume":"102","author":"Lo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2021.05.007","article-title":"The burden of OA-health services and economics","volume":"30","author":"Leifer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoarthr. Cartil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01637-X","volume":"406","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01917-8","article-title":"Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2025.04.001","article-title":"Epidemiology and disease burden of fractures in Asia, 1990-2021: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"52","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Translat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.14.04100","article-title":"The burden, causes, and determinants of blindness and vision impairment in Asia: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970415)16:7<791::AID-SIM500>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Confidence intervals for directly standardized rates: a method based on the gamma distribution","volume":"16","author":"Fay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01330-3","article-title":"Global age-sex-specific all-cause mortality and life expectancy estimates for 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1950-2023: a demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023","volume":"406","author":"Collaborators","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib42","article-title":"Health and Economic Outcomes Associated With Musculoskeletal Disorders Attributable to High Body Mass Index in 192 Countries and Territories in 2019","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00217-6","article-title":"The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020-50: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01258-7","article-title":"Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19: a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050","volume":"398","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33617","article-title":"Burden of pancreatic cancer along with attributable risk factors in Europe between 1990 and 2019, and projections until 2039","volume":"149","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000275","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.04.060","article-title":"Spatiotemporal trends in global burden of rheumatic heart disease and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019","volume":"384","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168189","article-title":"A systematic analysis of chronic kidney disease burden attributable to lead exposure based on the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"908","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226028348?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226028348?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1791593711000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226028348"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226028348"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Global and Asian regional burden of musculoskeletal disorders from 1990 to 2023","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117456","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117456"}}