{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T22:23:39Z","timestamp":1794349419997,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015499","name":"Jeonbuk National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015499","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25487234"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25487234"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2025-16071033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2025-16071033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:48:40Z","timestamp":1790239720000},"page":"117626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["EGaIn-based liquid-metal electrodes for electronic interfaces and contact engineering"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Gyeong Seop","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho Yun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7938-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mileu","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4596-9889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sungchul","family":"Mun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Tack","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-In","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6805-9840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hoon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1109\/84.623109","article-title":"A liquid-filled microrelay with a moving mercury microdrop","volume":"6","author":"Simon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80375-1","article-title":"Electric field assisted motion of a mercury droplet","volume":"11","author":"Holl\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib3","article-title":"Mercury pollution in vegetables, grains and soils from areas surrounding coal-fired power plants","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao4249","article-title":"A liquid metal reaction environment for the room-temperature synthesis of atomically thin metal oxides","volume":"358","author":"Zavabeti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-021-00123-x","article-title":"Fully solution processed liquid metal features as highly conductive and ultrastretchable conductors","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20423","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c01957","article-title":"Room-temperature fabrication of a liquid NaK alloy-based membrane electrode for sodium-ion batteries","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17448","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b02320","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of gallium\u2013indium liquid metal in an aqueous environment","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4724313","article-title":"Effect of oxidation on the mechanical properties of liquid gallium and eutectic gallium-indium","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.7b03384","article-title":"Control of gallium oxide growth on liquid metal eutectic gallium\/indium nanoparticles via thiolation","volume":"34","author":"Farrell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c16623","article-title":"Dynamic-wetting liquid metal thin layer induced via surface oxygen-containing functional groups","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32259-3","article-title":"Imbibition-induced selective wetting of liquid metal","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib12","article-title":"A method to form smooth films of liquid metal supported by elastomeric substrate","volume":"5","author":"Hirsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14814-y","article-title":"Nanofabrication for all-soft and high-density electronic devices based on liquid metal","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20557","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b05363","article-title":"Direct wiring of eutectic gallium\u2013indium to a metal electrode for soft sensor systems","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7929","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02128","article-title":"Liquid-metal-printed ultrathin oxides for atomically smooth 2D material heterostructures","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26911","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c08554","article-title":"Liquid metal oxide-assisted integration of high-k dielectrics and metal contacts for two-dimensional electronics","volume":"18","author":"Venkatakrishnarao","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4944","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60118-4","article-title":"Self-packaged stretchable printed circuits with ligand-bound liquid metal particles in elastomer","volume":"16","author":"Seo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10109","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c17906","article-title":"In situ actuators with gallium liquid metal alloys and polypyrrole-coated electrodes","volume":"15","author":"Bhagwat","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1039\/D5LF00370A","article-title":"Study on electrical contact of a solid\u2013liquid interface between a copper-based electrode and liquid metal","volume":"3","author":"Zu","year":"2026","journal-title":"RSC Appl. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11774","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b01821","article-title":"Interfacial Rheology of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals","volume":"35","author":"Jacob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202406783","article-title":"Giant Decrease in Interfacial Energy of Liquid Metals by Native Oxides","volume":"36","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201701596","article-title":"EGaIn-Metal Interfacing for Liquid Metal Circuitry and Microelectronics Integration","volume":"5","author":"Ozutemiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.06.084","article-title":"Electrically induced spreading of EGaIn on Cu substrate in an alkali solution under wetting and non-wetting conditions","volume":"490","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-66383-7","article-title":"Residue-free peeling of EGaIn oxide enabled by contact angle control","volume":"16","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20437","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b07089","article-title":"Pronounced Environmental Effects on Injection Currents in EGaIn Tunneling Junctions Comprising Self-Assembled Monolayers","volume":"120","author":"Carlotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22467","DOI":"10.1021\/am506496u","article-title":"Influence of Water on the Interfacial Behavior of Gallium Liquid Metal Alloys","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1021\/la404356r","article-title":"Effect of microtextured surface topography on the wetting behavior of eutectic gallium-indium alloys","volume":"30","author":"Kramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib25","article-title":"Controlling the oxidation and wettability of liquid metal via femtosecond laser for high-resolution flexible electronics","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201303220","article-title":"Direct Writing of Gallium-Indium Alloy for Stretchable Electronics","volume":"24","author":"Boley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9203","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b00009","article-title":"Metallic Bond-Enabled Wetting Behavior at the Liquid Ga\/CuGa2 Interfaces","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10610","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.5c01705","article-title":"Practical Considerations for Gallium-Based Liquid Metal for Stretchable Electronics: Metal Contacts and Strain Cycling","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scriptamat.2015.02.005","article-title":"Improved electro-mechanical performance of gold films on polyimide without adhesion layers","volume":"102","author":"Putz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2006.05.036","article-title":"Study of texture effect on elastic properties of Au thin films by X-ray diffraction and in situ tensile testing","volume":"54","author":"Faurie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib34","article-title":"Nano-additively manufactured gold thin films with high adhesion and near-bulk electrical resistivity via jet-assisted, nanoparticle-dominated, room-temperature microsputtering","volume":"36","author":"Kornbluth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2009.07.054","article-title":"Electrically driven PEDOT\/PSS actuators","volume":"159","author":"Okuzaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32448","DOI":"10.1039\/D2RA06510J","article-title":"Preparation of carbon black\/silicone rubber composites with large-area-homogeneous-low electrical-resistance used as electroplating matrix","volume":"12","author":"Dou","year":"2022","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1002\/polb.23529","article-title":"Stretchable and transparent hydrogels as soft conductors for dielectric elastomer actuators","volume":"52","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1039\/C8MH00856F","article-title":"Multifunctional hydrogel enables extremely simplified electrochromic devices for smart windows and ionic writing boards","volume":"5","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Horiz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1414215111","article-title":"Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance","volume":"111","author":"Ling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.132852","article-title":"Multifunctional nacre-mimetic Ti3C2Tx films with tunable conductivity and mechanical properties by controlling interlay supramolecular interactions","volume":"430","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemmater.7b00745","article-title":"Oxidation Stability of Colloidal Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbides (MXenes)","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.200701216","article-title":"Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn): A liquid metal alloy for the formation of stable structures in microchannels at room temperature","volume":"18","author":"Dickey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202313567","article-title":"A flexible and electrically conductive liquid metal adhesive for hybrid electronic integration","volume":"34","author":"Pozarycki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19830","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.4c02737","article-title":"Direct ink writing of liquid metal on hydrogel through oxides introduction","volume":"40","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67149-x","article-title":"Laser-programmed stiffness and interfaces for textile hybrid electronics","volume":"17","author":"Luo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48906-w","article-title":"High internal phase emulsions gel ink for direct-ink-writing 3D printing of liquid metal","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-025-00394-8","article-title":"Fully screen printed stretchable liquid metal multilayer circuits using green solvents and scalable water-spray sintering","volume":"9","author":"Shang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202402818","article-title":"Microconfined assembly of high-resolution and mechanically robust EGaIn liquid metal stretchable electrodes for wearable electronic systems","volume":"11","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-19775-0","article-title":"Process and property assessment of liquid metal spray deposition towards scalable and reliable stretchable electronics","volume":"15","author":"Krack","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib48","article-title":"Direct ink write 3D printing of fully dense and functionally graded liquid metal elastomer foams","volume":"34","author":"Pak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28232","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b08722","article-title":"Laser sintering of liquid metal nanoparticles for scalable manufacturing of soft and flexible electronics","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50852","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c15084","article-title":"Printable liquid metal microparticle ink for ultrastretchable electronics","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smsc.202400553","article-title":"Recyclable printed liquid metal composite for underwater stretchable electronics","volume":"5","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Small Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adv4921","article-title":"Phase-change metal ink with pH-controlled chemical sintering for versatile and scalable fabrication of variable stiffness electronics","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202503449","article-title":"Highly Conductive Liquid Metal Emulsion Gels for Three-Dimensionally Printed Stretchable Electronics","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13049","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c01668","article-title":"Multifunctional Nanocomposite Yield-Stress Fluids for Printable and Stretchable Electronics","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12677","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c04299","article-title":"Viscoelastic Metal-in-Water Emulsion Gel via Host\u2013Guest Bridging for Printed and Strain-Activated Stretchable Electrodes","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib58","article-title":"Hierarchical-structured RGO@EGaIn composites as advanced self-healing anode for room-temperature liquid metal battery","volume":"37","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.202403760","article-title":"Stretchable energy storage with eutectic gallium indium alloy","volume":"15","author":"Gupta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-024-00306-2","article-title":"Deformable micro-supercapacitor fabricated via laser ablation patterning of graphene\/liquid metal","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib61","article-title":"Hybrid liquid metal cathode enables high-performance intrinsically stretchable OLEDs","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-025-00510-8","article-title":"Highly foldable and leakage-free electrodes enabled by ultrathin liquid metal micromeshes","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3520","article-title":"Tensile testing of ultra-thin films on water surface","volume":"4","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adn3784","article-title":"Power-integrated, wireless neural recording systems on the cranium using a direct printing method for deep-brain analysis","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq8160","article-title":"Salt-induced ductilization and strain-insensitive resistance of an intrinsically conducting polymer","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fneng.2012.00008","article-title":"PEDOT\u2013CNT Composite Microelectrodes for Recording and Electrostimulation Applications: Fabrication, Morphology, and Electrical Properties","volume":"5","author":"Gerwig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Neuroeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(00)00128-2","article-title":"Tensile testing of free-standing Cu, Ag and Al thin films and Ag\/Cu multilayers","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.41.000215","article-title":"Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Certain Optical Crystalline Materials","volume":"41","author":"Combes","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-202192","article-title":"Measurement of residual in vivo Ag ions from transcutaneous electrical stimulation for neuromodulation","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202505753","article-title":"Skin Conformal Hydrogel Bioelectrodes for High-Fidelity Electrophysiology and Human\u2013Machine Interfaces","volume":"15","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthcare Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44064-7","article-title":"Bionic artificial skin with a fully implantable wireless tactile sensory system for wound healing and restoring skin tactile function","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-023-01023-w","article-title":"Adhesive bioelectronics for sutureless epicardial interfacing","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib73","article-title":"Wireless soft implantable pressure sensors based on liquid metal with large-area mapping and adaptive implantation capabilities","volume":"123","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg8602","article-title":"Wafer-patterned, permeable, and stretchable liquid metal microelectrodes for implantable bioelectronics with chronic biocompatibility","volume":"9","author":"Zhuang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0260773","article-title":"Liquid metal-based stretchable bioelectronic fiber for electrical stimulation and drug delivery in minimally invasive cardiac therapy","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7337","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c18030","article-title":"Implantable soft neural electrodes of liquid metals for deep brain stimulation","volume":"19","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01587-w","article-title":"Liquid-metal-based three-dimensional microelectrode arrays integrated with implantable ultrathin retinal prosthesis for vision restoration","volume":"19","author":"Chung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006612","article-title":"Printed stretchable liquid metal electrode arrays for in vivo neural recording","volume":"17","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55752-3","article-title":"Magnetically reshapable 3D multi-electrode arrays of liquid metals for electrophysiological analysis of brain organoids","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib80","article-title":"Intrinsically stretchable electronics with ultrahigh deformability to monitor dynamically moving organs","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23818","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.5c03081","article-title":"Pressure-activated breathable liquid-metal electrodes for long-term sleep electroencephalogram monitoring","volume":"41","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-026-00556-2","article-title":"Highly robust ECG electrodes constructed from semi-liquid metal fibers for reliable emergency rescue monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2026","journal-title":"npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-026-02252-2","article-title":"Intelligent Breathing Electronic Skin Inspired by Nepenthes for Active Sweat Management, Multimodal Sensing and High-Fidelity Electromyographic Teleoperation Using Machine Learning","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59703-4","article-title":"Meter-scale heterostructure printing for high-toughness fiber electrodes in intelligent digital apparel","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-023-00263-2","article-title":"Ultra-conformable liquid metal particle monolayer on air\/water interface for substrate-free E-tattoo","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"npj Flex. Electron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aee2233","article-title":"On-demand formation of ultrathin liquid metal hydrogel tattoos for conformal and low-impedance bioelectronics","volume":"12","author":"Ding","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3450","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.4c03449","article-title":"Conformal, substrate-free liquid metal electrode for continuous health monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmaterialslett.1c00763","article-title":"Highly permeable and ultrastretchable liquid metal micromesh for skin-attachable electronics","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Mater. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-00902-3","article-title":"Permeable superelastic liquid-metal fibre mat enables biocompatible and monolithic stretchable electronics","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib89","article-title":"Stretchable and Permeable Liquid Metal Micromeshes Featuring Strain-Insensitive Resistance Through In Situ Structural Transformations","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200703642","article-title":"Eutectic Gallium-Indium (EGaIn): A Moldable Liquid Metal for Electrical Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers","volume":"47","author":"Chiechi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202501501","article-title":"Enhanced Electrical Interfaces in Flexible 2D Material Transistors via Liquid Metal and Ionic Liquid Injection","volume":"37","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19939","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA01513A","article-title":"Bottom-electrode induced defects in self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based tunnel junctions affect only the SAM resistance, not the contact resistance or SAM capacitance","volume":"8","author":"Sangeeth","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4589","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaelm.6c00302","article-title":"EGaIn-Based Dynamic Metal Alloying Process for Work Function Modulation and Logic Inverter Application","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.202202177","article-title":"Contact Geometry and Pathway Determined Carriers Transport through Microscale Perovskite Crystals","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.2c18370","article-title":"In Situ Active Switching of Bipolar Current Rectification in 2D Semiconductor Vertical Diodes","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14139","DOI":"10.1021\/jp303072a","article-title":"Comparison of SAM-Based Junctions with Ga2O3\/EGaIn Top Electrodes to Other Large-Area Tunneling Junctions","volume":"116","author":"Nijhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11367","DOI":"10.1021\/jp401703p","article-title":"Influence of an Atom in EGaIn\/Ga2O3 Tunneling Junctions Comprising Self-Assembled Monolayers","volume":"117","author":"Fracasso","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9556","DOI":"10.1021\/ja202471m","article-title":"Evidence for Quantum Interference in SAMs of Arylethynylene Thiolates in Tunneling Junctions with Eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) Top-Contacts","volume":"133","author":"Fracasso","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226030051?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226030051?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T21:53:48Z","timestamp":1794347628000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226030051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226030051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"EGaIn-based liquid-metal electrodes for electronic interfaces and contact engineering","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117626","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117626"}}