{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T22:25:23Z","timestamp":1794349523866,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U24MH130968"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U24MH130968"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"NSERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-2216612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-2216612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["iScience"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T20:44:10Z","timestamp":1790455450000},"page":"117632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The misplaced mouse Pax6 interneuron subclass: A cross-species transcriptomic reassignment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamsini","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0936-9774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jesse","family":"Gillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6115","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116115","article-title":"Thirty Years\u2019 History since the Discovery of Pax6: From Central Nervous System Development to Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"23","author":"Ochi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1038\/354522a0","article-title":"Mouse Small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene","volume":"354","author":"Hill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.05.001","article-title":"Pax genes in eye development and evolution","volume":"15","author":"Kozmik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022626999","article-title":"Conservation of Pax 6 function and upstream activation by Notch signaling in eye development of frogs and flies","volume":"99","author":"Onuma","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0894-463","article-title":"PAX6 gene dosage effect in a family with congenital cataracts, aniridia, anophthalmia and central nervous system defects","volume":"7","author":"Glaser","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10174","article-title":"A pleiotropic player in development","volume":"24","author":"Simpson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5464.344","article-title":"Regulation of Area Identity in the Mammalian Neocortex by Emx2 and Pax6","volume":"288","author":"Bishop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0884","article-title":"Concise Review: Pax6 Transcription Factor Contributes to both Embryonic and Adult Neurogenesis as a Multifunctional Regulator","volume":"26","author":"Osumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cell."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2899-04.2005","article-title":"Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 Are Expressed Sequentially by Radial Glia, Intermediate Progenitor Cells, and Postmitotic Neurons in Developing Neocortex","volume":"25","author":"Englund","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf6812","article-title":"Transcriptomic cytoarchitecture reveals principles of human neocortex organization","volume":"382","author":"Jorstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.add7046","article-title":"Transcriptomic diversity of cell types across the adult human brain","volume":"382","author":"Siletti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01774-5","article-title":"Integrated multimodal cell atlas of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Gabitto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf2359","article-title":"Interindividual variation in human cortical cell type abundance and expression","volume":"382","author":"Johansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade9516","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics reveals human-specific cortical features","volume":"382","author":"Jorstad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34590-1","article-title":"Identification of visual cortex cell types and species differences using single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06812-z","article-title":"A high-resolution transcriptomic and spatial atlas of cell types in the whole mouse brain","volume":"624","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06818-7","article-title":"The molecular cytoarchitecture of the adult mouse brain","volume":"624","author":"Langlieb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03500-8","article-title":"A transcriptomic and epigenomic cell atlas of the mouse primary motor cortex","volume":"598","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2907-3","article-title":"Phenotypic variation of transcriptomic cell types in mouse motor cortex","volume":"598","author":"Scala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.057","article-title":"Integrated Morphoelectric and Transcriptomic Classification of Cortical GABAergic Cells","volume":"183","author":"Gouwens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.021","article-title":"A taxonomy of transcriptomic cell types across the isocortex and hippocampal formation","volume":"184","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0654-5","article-title":"Shared and distinct transcriptomic cell types across neocortical areas","volume":"563","author":"Tasic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4237","article-title":"Evolution of pallium, hippocampus, and cortical cell types revealed by single-cell transcriptomics in reptiles","volume":"360","author":"Tosches","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00175","article-title":"Cross-Species Analysis of Single-Cell Transcriptomic Data","volume":"7","author":"Shafer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01580-3","article-title":"Gene family evolution underlies cell type diversification in the hypothalamus of teleosts","volume":"6","author":"Shafer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03465-8","article-title":"Comparative cellular analysis of motor cortex in human, marmoset and mouse","volume":"598","author":"Bakken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-023-02186-7","article-title":"Comparative single-cell transcriptomic analysis of primate brains highlights human-specific regulatory evolution","volume":"7","author":"Suresh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209648","article-title":"Single-nucleus and single-cell transcriptomes compared in matched cortical cell types","volume":"13","author":"Bakken","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103292","article-title":"How many markers are needed to robustly determine a cell\u2019s type?","volume":"24","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-74171-0","article-title":"Cluster replicability in single-cell and single-nucleus atlases of the mouse brain","volume":"17","author":"French","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1506-7","article-title":"Conserved cell types with divergent features in human versus mouse cortex","volume":"573","author":"Hodge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adf0805","article-title":"Morphoelectric and transcriptomic divergence of the layer 1 interneuron repertoire in human versus mouse neocortex","volume":"382","author":"Chartrand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03282-0","article-title":"Characterizing the replicability of cell types defined by single cell RNA-sequencing data using MetaNeighbor","volume":"9","author":"Crow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00575-5","article-title":"Scaling up reproducible research for single-cell transcriptomics using MetaNeighbor","volume":"16","author":"Fischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1227622","article-title":"The Spatial and Temporal Origin of Chandelier Cells in Mouse Neocortex","volume":"339","author":"Taniguchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09644-1","article-title":"Continuous cell-type diversification in mouse visual cortex development","volume":"647","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4515-09.2010","article-title":"Genetic Fate Mapping Reveals That the Caudal Ganglionic Eminence Produces a Large and Diverse Population of Superficial Cortical Interneurons","volume":"30","author":"Miyoshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.02.015","article-title":"Single-cell spatial transcriptomic atlas of the whole mouse brain","volume":"113","author":"Han","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-62793-9","article-title":"Charting the spatial transcriptome of the human cerebral cortex at single-cell resolution","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02517-z","article-title":"Comprehensive in situ mapping of human cortical transcriptomic cell types","volume":"4","author":"Langseth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03705-x","article-title":"Spatially resolved cell atlas of the mouse primary motor cortex by MERFISH","volume":"598","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf020","article-title":"Cross-Species Insights from Single-Nucleus Sequencing Highlight Aging-Related Hippocampal Features in Tree Shrew","volume":"42","author":"Xiong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-74732-7","article-title":"Functional diversities within neurons and astrocytes in the adult rat auditory cortex revealed by single-nucleus RNA sequencing","volume":"14","author":"Gungor Aydin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib44","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of rat brain response to alternating current electrical stimulation: unveiling insights via single-nucleus RNA sequencing","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2021.04.010","article-title":"Single-cell co-expression analysis reveals that transcriptional modules are shared across cell types in the brain","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0685-8","article-title":"A community-based transcriptomics classification and nomenclature of neocortical cell types","volume":"23","author":"Yuste","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.06.031","article-title":"What is a cell type and how to define it?","volume":"185","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0088-9","article-title":"Challenges in unsupervised clustering of single-cell RNA-seq data","volume":"20","author":"Kiselev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.01.022","article-title":"Evolution of neuronal types and families","volume":"56","author":"Arendt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-120319-112654","article-title":"From Cell Types to an Integrated Understanding of Brain Evolution: The Case of the Cerebral Cortex","volume":"37","author":"Tosches","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo7257","article-title":"Molecular and cellular evolution of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex","volume":"377","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06338-4","article-title":"Molecular features driving cellular complexity of human brain evolution","volume":"620","author":"Caglayan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107329","article-title":"Investigating microglia-neuron crosstalk by characterizing microglial contamination in human and mouse patch-seq datasets","volume":"26","author":"Arbabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib54","article-title":"Ensembl comparative genomics resources","volume":"2016","author":"Herrero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ensembl comparative genomics resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D948","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1071","article-title":"Ensembl 2025","volume":"53","author":"Dyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.04.007","article-title":"The Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework: A 3D Reference Atlas","volume":"181","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01767-y","article-title":"Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal and scalable single-cell analysis","volume":"42","author":"Hao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0654-x","article-title":"Orchestrating single-cell analysis with Bioconductor","volume":"17","author":"Amezquita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["iScience"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226030117?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2589004226030117?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T21:38:05Z","timestamp":1794346685000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2589004226030117"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S2589004226030117"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2589-0042"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2589-0042","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The misplaced mouse Pax6 interneuron subclass: A cross-species transcriptomic reassignment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"iScience","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2026.117632","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117632"}}