{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:37:25Z","timestamp":1790804245700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007366","name":"Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"Ministero dell\u2019Istruzione, dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]],"date-time":"2020-11-13T08:56:20Z","timestamp":1605257780000},"page":"18-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":173,"title":["T Cells: Warriors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"de Candia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Prattichizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Garavelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9429-0616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Matarese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0020","article-title":"Covid-19: WHO declares pandemic because of \"alarming levels\" of spread, severity, and inaction","volume":"368","author":"Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0819-2","article-title":"Breadth of concomitant immune responses prior to patient recovery: a case report of non-severe COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Thevarajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.023","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in COVID-19 convalescent individuals","volume":"52","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2456-9","article-title":"Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in convalescent individuals","volume":"584","author":"Robbiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0065","article-title":"Intrafamilial exposure to SARS-CoV-2 induces cellular immune response without seroconversion","author":"Gallais","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017","article-title":"Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02037","article-title":"The immune response and immunopathology of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Mortaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.04.004","article-title":"CT imaging and clinical course of asymptomatic cases with COVID-19 pneumonia at admission in Wuhan, China","volume":"81","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.040","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01338-8","article-title":"Analysis of clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of 95 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a retrospective analysis","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1762","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa150","article-title":"Characteristics of peripheral lymphocyte subset alteration in COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"221","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.137799","article-title":"The laboratory tests and host immunity of COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104363","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 225 patients with COVID-19 in a tertiary hospital near Wuhan, China","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104364","article-title":"Clinical features and short-term outcomes of 221 patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.05.019","article-title":"Decreased T cell populations contribute to the increased severity of COVID-19","volume":"508","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa252","article-title":"T cell subset counts in peripheral blood can be used as discriminatory biomarkers for diagnosis and severity prediction of COVID-19","volume":"222","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24172","article-title":"Lymphocyte subset counts in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0140","first-page":"318","article-title":"Lymphocyte subset (CD4+, CD8+) counts reflect the severity of infection and predict the clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.139024","article-title":"IL-6 and CD8+ T cell counts combined are an early predictor of in-hospital mortality of patients with COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.019","article-title":"Coronavirus disease 2019 in elderly patients: characteristics and prognostic factors based on 4-week follow-up","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9490","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2004168117","article-title":"Effectiveness of convalescent plasma therapy in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"117","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1086\/339881","article-title":"Rhinovirus and coronavirus infection-associated hospitalizations among older adults","volume":"185","author":"Falsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1086\/374222","article-title":"An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France","volume":"36","author":"Vabret","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.07.014","article-title":"Effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection on peripheral blood lymphocytes and their subsets","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7403.1358","article-title":"Haematological manifestations in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: retrospective analysis","volume":"326","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-020-0754-0","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","volume":"14","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20050828","article-title":"Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS","volume":"202","author":"Gu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2020.104360","article-title":"Epidemiological and initial clinical characteristics of patients with family aggregation of COVID-19","volume":"127","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0205","first-page":"e6","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0901-9","article-title":"Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25819","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis","author":"Lagunas-Rangel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0220","first-page":"400","article-title":"Can we predict the severity of COVID-19 with a routine blood test?","volume":"130","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00827","article-title":"Reduction and functional exhaustion of T cells in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","volume":"11","author":"Diao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.138070","article-title":"Clinical and pathological investigation of severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102763","article-title":"Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108486","article-title":"Selective CD8 cell reduction by SARS-CoV-2 is associated with a worse prognosis and systemic inflammation in COVID-19 patients","volume":"217","author":"Urra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.009","article-title":"Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure","volume":"27","author":"Giamarellos-Bourboulis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2272","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa577","article-title":"An inflammatory profile correlates with decreased frequency of cytotoxic cells in COVID-19","volume":"71","author":"Bordoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0255","article-title":"The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly decimates human spleens and lymph nodes","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.025","article-title":"Loss of Bcl-6-expressing T follicular helper cells and germinal centers in COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Kaneko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e393","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30164-8","article-title":"Anakinra for severe forms of COVID-19: a cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Huet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1633","article-title":"Adaptive immune cells temper initial innate responses","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1007-1142b","article-title":"Not so fast: adaptive suppression of innate immunity","volume":"13","author":"Palm","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041","article-title":"Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.001","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 is marked by a dysregulated myeloid cell compartment","volume":"182","author":"Schulte-Schrepping","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17240-2","article-title":"Immunological and inflammatory profiles in mild and severe cases of COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0401-3","article-title":"Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.03.021","article-title":"A dynamic immune response shapes COVID-19 progression","volume":"27","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0402-2","article-title":"Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0315","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-reactive interferon-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019","author":"Gimenez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138554","article-title":"Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent","volume":"130","author":"Mazzoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.05.014","article-title":"Networking at the level of host immunity: immune cell interactions during persistent viral infections","volume":"13","author":"Ng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03255.x","article-title":"T-cell exhaustion: characteristics, causes and conversion","volume":"129","author":"Yi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2035","article-title":"T cell exhaustion","volume":"12","author":"Wherry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081398","article-title":"Tim-3 expression defines a novel population of dysfunctional T cells with highly elevated frequencies in progressive HIV-1 infection","volume":"205","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04444","article-title":"Restoring function in exhausted CD8 T cells during chronic viral infection","volume":"439","author":"Barber","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.10.014","article-title":"Anti-NKG2A mAb is a checkpoint inhibitor that promotes anti-tumor immunity by unleashing both T and NK cells","volume":"175","author":"Andre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17292-4","article-title":"Marked T cell activation, senescence, exhaustion and skewing towards TH17 in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"De Biasi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3641939","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 reactive CD4+ T cells","author":"Meckiff","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.021908.132723","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in the control of host-microorganism interactions (*)","volume":"27","author":"Belkaid","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4123","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.7.4123","article-title":"CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells control the severity of viral immunoinflammatory lesions","volume":"172","author":"Suvas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5490","article-title":"T cell responses to whole SARS coronavirus in humans","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.11.017","article-title":"Th2 predominance and CD8+ memory T cell depletion in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abd2071","article-title":"Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-020-04066-7","article-title":"Signals of Th2 immune response from COVID-19 patients requiring intensive care","volume":"99","author":"Roncati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0328-z","article-title":"COVID-19: a case for inhibiting IL-17?","volume":"20","author":"Pacha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01960","article-title":"Immunosenescence and inflamm-aging as two sides of the same coin: friends or foes?","volume":"8","author":"Fulop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12108","article-title":"Age-related rhesus macaque models of COVID-19","volume":"3","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Model Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1746199","article-title":"Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-14396-9","article-title":"Sexual-dimorphism in human immune system aging","volume":"11","author":"Marquez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008520","article-title":"Sex-specific clinical characteristics and prognosis of coronavirus disease-19 infection in Wuhan, China: a retrospective study of 168 severe patients","volume":"16","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21363","article-title":"Inflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders","volume":"542","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.10.003","article-title":"Inflammageing and metaflammation: the yin and yang of type 2 diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Prattichizzo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.12.025","article-title":"An integrated view of immunometabolism","volume":"172","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0440","first-page":"4196","article-title":"Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo","volume":"82","author":"Mohamed-Ali","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14081","article-title":"Prevalence of residual inflammatory risk and associated clinical variables in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Prattichizzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21888","article-title":"Immunosenescence induced by plasma from individuals with obesity caused cell signaling dysfunction and inflammation","volume":"25","author":"Parisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.62","article-title":"Obesity and the risk and outcome of infection","volume":"37","author":"Huttunen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154378","article-title":"Obesity in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"113","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2005073","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","volume":"382","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002740","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 25 novel coronavirus infections in children","volume":"39","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702","article-title":"Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China","volume":"145","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6912e2","article-title":"Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)\u2014United States","volume":"69","author":"CDC COVID-19 Response Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0485","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Onder","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","article-title":"Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021680","article-title":"Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in U.S. children and adolescents","volume":"383","author":"Feldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0962-9","article-title":"Age-dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics","volume":"26","author":"Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2001.01194.x","article-title":"The developing human immune system: T-cell receptor repertoire of children and young adults shows a wide discrepancy in the frequency of persistent oligoclonal T-cell expansions","volume":"102","author":"Wedderburn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.07.003","article-title":"Lymphocyte subsets in healthy children from birth through 18 years of age: the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group P1009 study","volume":"112","author":"Shearer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2005.11.001","article-title":"Accumulation of memory T cells from childhood to old age: central and effector memory cells in CD4(+) versus effector memory and terminally differentiated memory cells in CD8(+) compartment","volume":"127","author":"Saule","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00498","article-title":"Differences between pediatric and adult T cell responses to in vitro staphylococcal enterotoxin B stimulation","volume":"9","author":"Rudolph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196509","article-title":"Fetal and adult hematopoietic stem cells give rise to distinct T cell lineages in humans","volume":"330","author":"Mold","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00419","article-title":"Host immunological factors enhancing mortality of young adults during the 1918 influenza pandemic","volume":"6","author":"McAuley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.6.1933","article-title":"Cross-reactivities in memory cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition of heterologous viruses","volume":"179","author":"Selin","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-019-0316-1","article-title":"The activation of bystander CD8+ T cells and their roles in viral infection","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08482-w","article-title":"Pathogenic function of bystander-activated memory-like CD4(+) T cells in autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.02.003","article-title":"Trained immunity: an ancient way of remembering","volume":"21","author":"Netea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14344","article-title":"Is BCG vaccination affecting the spread and severity of COVID-19?","volume":"75","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0337-y","article-title":"BCG-induced trained immunity: can it offer protection against COVID-19?","volume":"20","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30628-0","article-title":"COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression","volume":"395","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000628","article-title":"Trained immunity and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"30","author":"Riksen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaa041","article-title":"Aberrant pathogenic GM-CSF+ T cells and inflammatory CD14+CD16+ monocytes in severe pulmonary syndrome patients of a new coronavirus","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6027","article-title":"Impaired type I interferon activity and exacerbated inflammatory responses in severe Covid-19 patients","volume":"369","author":"Hadjadj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00678","article-title":"The CD8 T cell response to respiratory virus infections","volume":"9","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3152","article-title":"Expanding roles for CD4(+) T cells in immunity to viruses","volume":"12","author":"Swain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1334","article-title":"T-cell-B-cell cooperation","volume":"4","author":"Mitchison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.10.009","article-title":"The plasticity of human Treg and Th17 cells and its role in autoimmunity","volume":"25","author":"Kleinewietfeld","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2654","article-title":"The functional plasticity of T cell subsets","volume":"9","author":"Bluestone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.03.002","article-title":"Development and maintenance of regulatory T cells","volume":"38","author":"Ohkura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110887","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.110887","article-title":"T cells, aging and senescence","volume":"134","author":"Pangrazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9076485","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9076485","article-title":"Cellular senescence and inflammaging in age-related diseases","volume":"2018","author":"Olivieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0285-6","article-title":"Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Netea","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.042","article-title":"Induction of autonomous memory alveolar macrophages requires T cell help and is critical to trained immunity","volume":"175","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002_bb0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz692","article-title":"Trained immunity confers broad-spectrum protection against bacterial infections","volume":"222","author":"Ciarlo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Trends in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S147149062030260X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S147149062030260X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T07:06:46Z","timestamp":1761462406000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S147149062030260X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S147149062030260X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.739162813.793581757","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.739162813.793581786","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1471-4906"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4906","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"T Cells: Warriors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2020.11.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}