{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T23:01:01Z","timestamp":1792364461883,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003000","name":"Stichting MS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003000","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["cell.com","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Trends in Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T21:07:29Z","timestamp":1767820049000},"page":"297-306","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Resident T cells in the healthy and multiple sclerosis brain"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9766-8661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joost","family":"Smolders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Chih","family":"Hsiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Huitinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0005","first-page":"58","article-title":"Immunity to homologous grafted skin; the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye","volume":"29","author":"Medawar","year":"1948","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3265","article-title":"The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system","volume":"12","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01175-0","article-title":"Redefining CNS immune privilege","volume":"25","author":"Smyth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81107-1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: a coordinated immunological attack against myelin in the central nervous system","volume":"85","author":"Steinman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/292060a0","article-title":"Vaccination against autoimmune encephalomyelitis with T-lymphocyte line cells reactive against myelin basic protein","volume":"292","author":"Ben-Nun","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/317355a0","article-title":"T-cell clones specific for myelin basic protein induce chronic relapsing paralysis and demyelination","volume":"317","author":"Zamvil","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04143.x","article-title":"T cells in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"162","author":"Fletcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2012.07.004","article-title":"Capture, crawl, cross: the T cell code to breach the blood-brain barriers","volume":"33","author":"Engelhardt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/356063a0","article-title":"Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin","volume":"356","author":"Yednock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1202","article-title":"Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"McMahon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1394.023","article-title":"Antigen presentation in the CNS by myeloid dendritic cells drives progression of relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"1103","author":"Miller","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1631-4","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: experimental models and reality","volume":"133","author":"Lassmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20182042","article-title":"All (animal) models (of neurodegeneration) are wrong. Are they also useful?","volume":"215","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00064.x","article-title":"The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an overview","volume":"17","author":"Lassmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp070","article-title":"The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains","volume":"132","author":"Frischer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy151","article-title":"The compartmentalized inflammatory response in the multiple sclerosis brain is composed of tissue-resident CD8+ T lymphocytes and B cells","volume":"141","author":"Machado-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70202-3","article-title":"Brain banking for neurological disorders","volume":"12","author":"Samarasekera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac094","article-title":"Tissue donations for multiple sclerosis research: current state and suggestions for improvement","volume":"4","author":"Vanderdonckt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22370","article-title":"Phenotyping primary human microglia: tight regulation of LPS responsiveness","volume":"60","author":"Melief","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-013-1155-0","article-title":"Characteristics of differentiated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells present in the human brain","volume":"126","author":"Smolders","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.02.010","article-title":"Understanding subset diversity in T cell memory","volume":"48","author":"Jameson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.09.020","article-title":"Distribution and compartmentalization of human circulating and tissue-resident memory T cell subsets","volume":"38","author":"Sathaliyawala","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.3","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells: local specialists in immune defence","volume":"16","author":"Mueller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07053-9","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells populate the human brain","volume":"9","author":"Smolders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz301","article-title":"Human CCR5high effector memory cells perform CNS parenchymal immune surveillance via GZMK-mediated transendothelial diapedesis","volume":"142","author":"Herich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.08.078","article-title":"Human tissue-resident memory T cells are defined by core transcriptional and functional signatures in lymphoid and mucosal sites","volume":"20","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105785","article-title":"Osteopontin associates with brain TRM-cell transcriptome and compartmentalization in donors with and without multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Hsiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048665","article-title":"White matter lesions in multiple sclerosis are enriched for CD20dim CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells","volume":"51","author":"Hsiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706383","article-title":"B-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","volume":"358","author":"Hauser","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2207291120","article-title":"Differential effects of anti-CD20 therapy on CD4 and CD8 T cells and implication of CD20-expressing CD8 T cells in MS disease activity","volume":"120","author":"Shinoda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151916","article-title":"Brain-resident memory T cells represent an autonomous cytotoxic barrier to viral infection","volume":"213","author":"Steinbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0860-3","article-title":"The PD-1: PD-L1 pathway promotes development of brain-resident memory T cells following acute viral encephalitis","volume":"14","author":"Prasad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.008","article-title":"Neurons as targets for T cells in the nervous system","volume":"36","author":"Liblau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.11.019","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid immune dysregulation during healthy brain aging and cognitive impairment","volume":"185","author":"Piehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00049-z","article-title":"Accumulation of cytotoxic T cells in the aged CNS leads to axon degeneration and contributes to cognitive and motor decline","volume":"1","author":"Groh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115960","article-title":"Acquisition of residency programs by T cells entering the human brain","volume":"44","author":"Hsiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202350544","article-title":"Differential Runx3, Eomes, and T-bet expression subdivides MS-associated CD4+ T cells with brain-homing capacity","volume":"54","author":"Hoeks","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8389","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1433000100","article-title":"Human cerebrospinal fluid central memory CD4+ T cells: evidence for trafficking through choroid plexus and meninges via P-selectin","volume":"100","author":"Kivis\u00e4kk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4758","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI128475","article-title":"Early adaptive immune activation detected in monozygotic twins with prodromal multiple sclerosis","volume":"129","author":"Beltr\u00e1n","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adc9778","article-title":"A single-cell analysis framework allows for characterization of CSF leukocytes and their tissue of origin in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Ostkamp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa117","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory T cells invade the brain parenchyma in multiple sclerosis white matter lesions","volume":"143","author":"Fransen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26870","article-title":"High levels of perivascular inflammation and active demyelinating lesions at time of death associated with rapidly progressive multiple sclerosis disease course: a retrospective postmortem cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Nicholas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104465","article-title":"Selective emergence of antibody-secreting cells in the multiple sclerosis brain","volume":"89","author":"Bogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0220","article-title":"Microglial states determine lesion dynamics in multiple sclerosis","author":"van den Bosch","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2755","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr182","article-title":"Meningeal inflammation is widespread and linked to cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Howell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025000118","article-title":"Translational value of choroid plexus imaging for tracking neuroinflammation in mice and humans","volume":"118","author":"Fleischer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.12.040","article-title":"Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface","volume":"184","author":"Rustenhoven","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1744-4","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional characterization of T cells in white matter lesions of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"134","author":"van Nierop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46068-3","article-title":"Profiling of microglia nodules in multiple sclerosis reveals propensity for lesion formation","volume":"15","author":"van den Bosch","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1895-7","article-title":"Clonally expanded CD8 T cells patrol the cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"577","author":"Gate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2395","article-title":"The genetics of multiple sclerosis: SNPs to pathways to pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Oksenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.08.011","article-title":"Memory B cells activate brain-homing, autoreactive CD4+ T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"175","author":"Jelcic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","article-title":"HLA-DR15 molecules jointly shape an autoreactive T cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.04.012","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: doubling down on MHC","volume":"37","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.20858","article-title":"Immune surveillance in multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab","volume":"59","author":"St\u00fcve","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0280","article-title":"Ocrelizumab associates with reduced cerebrospinal fluid B and CD20dim CD4+ T cells in primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"6","author":"van Puijfelik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30040-1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and risks associated with treatments for multiple sclerosis: a decade of lessons learned","volume":"17","author":"Major","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0627","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with progressive multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab monotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12969","article-title":"CNS inflammation after natalizumab therapy for multiple sclerosis: a retrospective histopathological and CSF cohort study","volume":"31","author":"H\u00e4usler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl370","article-title":"Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation fails to stop demyelination and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"130","author":"Metz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.03.002","article-title":"CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in two patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Fischbach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-022-02411-w","article-title":"BTK inhibition limits B-cell-T-cell interaction through modulation of B-cell metabolism: implications for multiple sclerosis therapy","volume":"143","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54430-8","article-title":"BTK regulates microglial function and neuroinflammation in human stem cell models and mouse models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Gruber","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1126\/science.ade6949","article-title":"Switching off autoimmunity","volume":"385","author":"Laman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2021.01.006","article-title":"Identifying CNS-colonizing T cells as potential therapeutic targets to prevent progression of multiple sclerosis","volume":"2","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy069","article-title":"T helper 17.1 cells associate with multiple sclerosis disease activity: perspectives for early intervention","volume":"141","author":"van Langelaar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ade8560","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis endophenotypes identified by high-dimensional blood signatures are associated with distinct disease trajectories","volume":"16","author":"Gross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adj8094","article-title":"Twin study identifies early immunological and metabolic dysregulation of CD8+ T cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Kavaka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adp8109","article-title":"Tissue-resident memory CD4+ T cells infiltrate the CNS in progressive multiple sclerosis and contribute to chronic autoimmunity in mice","volume":"17","author":"Pignata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay3638","article-title":"A noninflammatory mRNA vaccine for treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"371","author":"Krienke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009636","article-title":"The 2013 clinical course descriptors for multiple sclerosis: a clarification","volume":"94","author":"Lublin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1568","article-title":"Contribution of relapse-independent progression vs relapse-associated worsening to overall confirmed disability accumulation in typical relapsing multiple sclerosis in a pooled analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials","volume":"77","author":"Kappos","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00289-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework","volume":"22","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2787","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz212","article-title":"Chronic white matter lesion activity predicts clinical progression in primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"142","author":"Elliott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1636-z","article-title":"Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"133","author":"Dal-Bianco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03625-7","article-title":"Broad rim lesions are a new pathological and imaging biomarker for rapid disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Klotz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-025-00656-7","article-title":"Relevance of choroid plexus volumes in multiple sclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Krieger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13322","article-title":"Neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid correlates of choroid plexus inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001587","article-title":"Gadolinium-based MRI characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"85","author":"Absinta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415985","article-title":"Tolebrutinib versus teriflunomide in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"392","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2415988","article-title":"Tolebrutinib in nonrelapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"392","author":"Fox","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006_bb0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01246-2","article-title":"T cell nomenclature: from subsets to modules","author":"Masopust","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Trends in Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S147149062500314X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S147149062500314X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:37:00Z","timestamp":1777617420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S147149062500314X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S147149062500314X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1471-4906"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1471-4906","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Resident T cells in the healthy and multiple sclerosis brain","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Trends in Immunology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.it.2025.12.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}