{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T23:30:07Z","timestamp":1768260607968,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,1]],"date-time":"2016-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,20]],"date-time":"2016-02-20T02:00:54Z","timestamp":1455933654000},"page":"155-156.e3","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Prepubescent Transgender Children: What We Do and Do Not Know"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Kristina R.","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib1","series-title":"The \u201cSissy Boy Syndrome\u201d and the Development of Homosexuality","author":"Green","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib2","series-title":"Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents","author":"Zucker","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31818956b9","article-title":"Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children","volume":"47","author":"Wallien","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6103_2","article-title":"A\u00a0gender identity interview for children","volume":"61","author":"Zucker","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.03.016","article-title":"Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative follow-up study","volume":"52","author":"Steensma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib6","unstructured":"Frontline: Growing Up Trans. http:\/\/video.pbs.org\/video\/2365520005\/. Presented 2015. Accessed October 20,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib7","unstructured":"NBC News. Jacob Lemay Lives Life as Transgender Child. http:\/\/www.nbcnews.com\/storyline\/transgender-kids\/jacob-lives-life-transgender-child-n345296. Presented April 2015. Accessed September 3,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib8","first-page":"315","article-title":"With inadequate protection under the law, transgender students fight to access restrooms in public schools based on their gender identity","volume":"41","author":"Hart","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Ky L Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib9","first-page":"63","article-title":"Transgender youth in public schools: why identity matters in the restroom","volume":"40","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"William Mitchell Law Rev Sua Sponte"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib10","unstructured":"Associated Press. Hillsboro, Missouri school divided over transgender student\u2014US news. http:\/\/www.usnews.com\/news\/articles\/2015\/09\/02\/hillsboro-missouri-school-divided-over-transgender-student. Published September 2015. Accessed October 20,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib11","unstructured":"La Vaque D. High school league overwhelmingly approves transgender policy. Star Tribune. http:\/\/www.startribune.com\/dec-4-high-school-league-approves-transgender-policy\/284783781\/. Published March 9, 2015. Accessed October 20,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib12","unstructured":"Payne M. Minnesota approves new transgender-friendly policy for high school athletes. The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/early-lead\/wp\/2014\/12\/04\/minnesota-approves-new-transgender-friendly-policy-for-high-school-athletes\/. Published December 4, 2014. Accessed September 3,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib13","first-page":"301","article-title":"Clinical management of gender dysphoria in children and adolescents: the Dutch approach","volume":"59","author":"De Vries","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Homosex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1545-5300.2011.01371.x","article-title":"Between pink and blue: a multi-dimensional family approach to gender nonconforming children and their families","volume":"50","author":"Malpas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fam Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0907","article-title":"Children and adolescents with gender identity disorder referred to a pediatric medical center","volume":"129","author":"Spack","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-011-9752-2","article-title":"Gender transitioning before puberty?","volume":"40","author":"Steensma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2012.675022","article-title":"Patterns of referral to a gender identity service for children and adolescents (1976-2011): age, sex ratio, and sexual orientation","author":"Wood","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230802096192","article-title":"Is gender identity disorder in adolescents coming out of the closet?","volume":"34","author":"Zucker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib19","first-page":"337","article-title":"From gender identity disorder to gender identity creativity: true gender self child therapy","volume":"59","author":"Ehrensaft","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Homosex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200205000-00020","article-title":"Children with gender identity issues and their parents in individual and group treatment","volume":"41","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib21","unstructured":"Dreger A. The big problem with outlawing gender conversion therapies.\u00a0Wired. http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/06\/big-problem-outlawing-gender-conversion-therapies\/. Published June 4, 2015. Accessed September 3,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1177\/000306519103900106","article-title":"The psychoanalytic treatment of a preschool boy with a gender identity disorder","volume":"39","author":"Haber","year":"1991","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Psychoanal Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7916(76)90043-4","article-title":"Childhood gender identity change: operant control over sex-typed play and mannerisms","volume":"7","author":"Rekers","year":"1976","journal-title":"J\u00a0Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib24","first-page":"369","article-title":"A\u00a0developmental, biopsychosocial model for the treatment of children with gender identity disorder","volume":"59","author":"Zucker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Homosex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurenf.2008.05.010","article-title":"Enfants avec troubles de l\u2019identit\u00e9 sexu\u00e9e\u202f: y-a-t-il une pratique la meilleure?","volume":"56","author":"Zucker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Enfance Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018713115866","article-title":"Gender constancy judgments in children with gender identity disorder: evidence for a developmental lag","volume":"28","author":"Zucker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(10)60113-6","article-title":"Extreme boyhood femininity: Isolated behavior or pervasive disorder?","volume":"24","author":"Coates","year":"1985","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib28","unstructured":"McHugh P. Transgender surgery isn\u2019t the solution. Wall Street Journal. http:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/paul-mchugh-transgender-surgery-isnt-the-solution-1402615120. Published June 12, 2014. Accessed October 20,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib29","unstructured":"Vilain E, Bailey JM. What should you do if your son says he\u2019s a girl? Los Angeles Times. http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/la-oe-vilain-transgender-parents-20150521-story.html. Published May 21, 2015. Accessed September 3,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-7138(09)62167-1","article-title":"Male childhood transsexualism","volume":"7","author":"Stoller","year":"1968","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021769215342","article-title":"Demographic characteristics, social competence, and behavior problems in children with gender identity disorder: a cross-national, cross-clinic comparative analysis","volume":"31","author":"Cohen-Kettenis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.6.6.458","article-title":"Gender identity disorder in young people","volume":"6","author":"Di Ceglie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv Psychiatr Treat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib33","first-page":"89","article-title":"Theoretical and diagnostic issues in child gender disturbances","volume":"13","author":"Rosen","year":"1977","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-0602-7","article-title":"Physiological correlates of anxiety in children with gender identity disorder","volume":"16","author":"Wallien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e3181373848","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity among children with gender identity disorder","volume":"46","author":"Wallien","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144050","article-title":"Gender identity disorder in children and adolescents","volume":"1","author":"Zucker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib37","series-title":"The \u201cSissy Boy Syndrome\u201d and the Development of Homosexuality","author":"Green","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib38","series-title":"Gender Identity Disorder and Psychosexual Problems in Children and Adolescents","author":"Zucker","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31818956b9","article-title":"Psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children","volume":"47","author":"Wallien","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.44.1.34","article-title":"A\u00a0follow-up study of girls with gender identity disorder","volume":"44","author":"Drummond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/19361653.2012.717474","article-title":"\u201cLook, mom, i\u2019m a boy\u2014don\u2019t tell anyone i was a girl.\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Ehrensaft","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0LGBT Youth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib42","unstructured":"Ehrensaft D. Gender Born, Gender Made: Raising Healthy Gender-Nonconforming Children. New York: Workman Publishing; 2011. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4epYo0osBzcC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=ehrensaft+gender&ots=j6E-2gKYD3&sig=NnsLjuhPIaW4-pSgZVML9FZF-qQ. Accessed September 3,\u00a02015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230903375560","article-title":"An affirmative intervention for families with gender variant children: parental ratings of child mental health and gender","volume":"36","author":"Hill","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/19359700903165357","article-title":"Transgender children: clinical and ethical issues in prepubertal presentations","volume":"13","author":"Menvielle","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Gay Lesbian Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x","article-title":"Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults","volume":"23","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/1550428X.2013.834529","article-title":"Child, family, and community transformations: findings from interviews with mothers of transgender girls","volume":"10","author":"Kuvalanka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0GLBT Fam Stud"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olson KR, Durwood L, DeMeules M, McLaughlin KA. Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics. In press.","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3223"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa6103_2","article-title":"A\u00a0gender identity interview for children","volume":"61","author":"Zucker","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890903228463","article-title":"Cross-national replication of the Gender Identity Interview for Children","volume":"91","author":"Wallien","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pers Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2013.1500","article-title":"Controversies in gender diagnoses","volume":"1","author":"Drescher","year":"2014","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.03.016","article-title":"Factors associated with desistence and persistence of childhood gender dysphoria: a quantitative follow-up study","volume":"52","author":"Steensma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856715007947?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856715007947?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T20:16:36Z","timestamp":1567628196000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856715007947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856715007947"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.11.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}}}