{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:28:49Z","timestamp":1792070929347,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T12:02:09Z","timestamp":1540209729000},"page":"36-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Review: Trends, Safety, and Recommendations for Caffeine Use\u00a0in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Temple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(98)00050-5","article-title":"Are we dependent upon coffee and caffeine? A review on human and animal data","volume":"23","author":"Nehlig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007401","article-title":"Caffeine intake from food and beverage sources and\u00a0trends among children and adolescents in the united states: review of national quantitative studies from 1999 to 2011","volume":"6","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advanc Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12005","article-title":"What are the health implications associated with the consumption of energy drinks? A systematic review","volume":"71","author":"Burrows","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12129","article-title":"Evidence and knowledge gaps for the association between energy drink use and high-risk behaviors among adolescents and young adults","volume":"72","author":"Arria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.11.006","article-title":"Associations between energy drink consumption and alcohol use behaviors among college students","volume":"123","author":"Velazquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2014.02.008","article-title":"Adolescent consumption of sports and energy drinks: linkages to higher physical activity, unhealthy beverage patterns, cigarette smoking, and screen media use","volume":"46","author":"Larson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3592","article-title":"Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"127","author":"Seifert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.820310","article-title":"An analysis of energy-drink toxicity in the National Poison Data System","volume":"51","author":"Seifert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0965","article-title":"Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they appropriate?","volume":"127","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00080","article-title":"The safety of ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Temple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.080077","article-title":"Trends in intake and sources of caffeine in the diets of US adults: 2001-2010","volume":"101","author":"Fulgoni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.05.005","article-title":"Changes in beverage intake between 1977 and 2001","volume":"27","author":"Nielsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-2877","article-title":"Trends in caffeine intake among U.S. children and adolescents","volume":"133","author":"Branum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12138","article-title":"Estimating caffeine intake from energy drinks and dietary supplements in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.06.007","article-title":"Trends and patterns of caffeine consumption among US teenagers and young adults, NHANES 2003-2012","volume":"94","author":"Tran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2008.03.003","article-title":"Energy drinks, race, and problem behaviors among college students","volume":"43","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2015.0018","article-title":"Energy drink and coffee consumption and psychopathology symptoms among early adolescents: cross-sectional and longitudinal associations","volume":"6","author":"Marmorstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Caffeine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsm086","article-title":"Caffeine consumption, sleep, and affect in the natural environments of depressed youth and healthy controls","volume":"33","author":"Whalen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2005.08.008","article-title":"Caffeine effects on resting-state arousal","volume":"116","author":"Barry","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2005.01457.x","article-title":"Psychostimulant and other effects of caffeine in 9- to 11-year-old children","volume":"47","author":"Heatherley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(92)90012-B","article-title":"Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects","volume":"17","author":"Nehlig","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050704","article-title":"Physical dependence increases the relative reinforcing effects of caffeine versus placebo","volume":"139","author":"Garrett","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00435-2","article-title":"The role of dopamine in the behavioral effects of caffeine in animals and humans","volume":"57","author":"Garrett","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199808000-00016","article-title":"Caffeine withdrawal in normal school-age children","volume":"37","author":"Bernstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-005-0084-6","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on performance and mood: withdrawal reversal is the most plausible explanation","volume":"182","author":"James","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2889-4","article-title":"Faster but not smarter: effects of caffeine and caffeine withdrawal on alertness and performance","volume":"226","author":"Rogers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199403000-00016","article-title":"Caffeine effects on learning, performance, and anxiety in normal school-age children","volume":"33","author":"Bernstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2009.00424.x","article-title":"Mountain Dew or mountain don't? A pilot investigation of caffeine use parameters and relations to depression and anxiety symptoms in 5th- and 10th-grade students","volume":"79","author":"Luebbe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Sch Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12150","article-title":"Effect of energy drink and caffeinated beverage consumption on sleep, mood, and performance in children and adolescents","volume":"72","author":"Owens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2016.06.038","article-title":"The association between caffeine consumption and objective sleep variables is dependent on ADORA2A c.1083T>C genotypes","volume":"30","author":"Nunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198109341783","article-title":"Understanding adolescent caffeine use: connecting use patterns with expectancies, reasons, and sleep","volume":"37","author":"Bryant Ludden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00226-2","article-title":"Nocturnal growth hormone secretion studies in adolescents with or without major depression re-examined: integration of adult clinical follow-up data","volume":"47","author":"Coplan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evening chronotype and sleepiness predict impairment in executive abilities and academic performance of adolescents","author":"Cohen-Zion","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronobiol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143404.x","article-title":"Caffeine-induced cardiac arrhythmia: an unrecognised danger of healthfood products","volume":"174","author":"Cannon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.19.4.481","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on physiological responses to exercise: boys versus men","volume":"19","author":"Turley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Exerc Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021715","article-title":"The incidence of pediatric cardiomyopathy in two regions of the United States","volume":"348","author":"Lipshultz","year":"2003","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2307","article-title":"Undiagnosed heart disease leading to sudden unexpected death in childhood: a retrospective study","volume":"128","author":"Ilina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib38","series-title":"Caffeine in food and dietary supplements. Paper presented at: IOM Workshop Summary","author":"Pray","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.6.1.87","article-title":"Behavioral effects of caffeine and other methylxanthines on children","volume":"6","author":"Hughes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2009.01.001","article-title":"Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry","volume":"33","author":"Temple","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(88)90236-0","article-title":"Methylxanthines: toxicity to humans. 2. Caffeine","volume":"26","author":"Stavric","year":"1988","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpem.2007.12.002","article-title":"Energy drinks: the new eye-opener for adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Babu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Ped Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2011.0008","article-title":"Adolescent substance use, sleep, and academic achievement: evidence of harm due to caffeine","volume":"1","author":"Kristjansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Caffeine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9917-5","article-title":"Adolescent caffeine consumption and self-reported violence and conduct disorder","volume":"42","author":"Kristjansson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.56.5.481-490","article-title":"Wired: energy drinks, jock identity, masculine norms, and risk taking","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Coll Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2684-2","article-title":"Influence of caffeine on the liking of novel-flavored soda in adolescents","volume":"223","author":"Temple","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e328333b27c","article-title":"Sex differences in reinforcing value of caffeinated beverages in adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Temple","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2004.10.027","article-title":"Food sources and intakes of caffeine in the diets of persons in the United States","volume":"105","author":"Frary","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00106","article-title":"Breakfast and energy drink consumption in secondary school children: breakfast omission, in isolation or in combination with frequent energy drink use, is associated with stress, anxiety, and depression cross-sectionally, but not at 6-month follow-up","volume":"7","author":"Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115612404","article-title":"Caffeine consumption and self-assessed stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children","volume":"29","author":"Richards","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22175","article-title":"Energy drink consumption is associated with anxiety in Australian young adult males","volume":"31","author":"Trapp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.06.023","article-title":"Panic disorder and social anxiety disorder subtypes in a caffeine challenge test","volume":"169","author":"Nardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2017.00711","article-title":"Sleep, affect, and social competence from preschool to preadolescence: distinct pathways to emotional and social adjustment for boys and for girls","volume":"8","author":"Foley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2008.07.005","article-title":"Early effects of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on subjective state and gender differences","volume":"32","author":"Adan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1052","article-title":"Prospective study of caffeine consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease in men and women","volume":"50","author":"Ascherio","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2011.0005","article-title":"Gender differences in subjective and physiological responses to caffeine and the role of steroid hormones","volume":"1","author":"Temple","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Caffeine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2015.0022","article-title":"Subjective responses to caffeine are influenced by caffeine dose, sex, and pubertal stage","volume":"5","author":"Temple","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Caffeine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-3962","article-title":"Cardiovascular responses to caffeine by gender and pubertal stage","volume":"134","author":"Temple","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-1859","article-title":"Food commercials increase preference for energy-dense foods, particularly in children who watch more television","volume":"128","author":"Boyland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980007001231","article-title":"Beyond-brand effect of television food advertisements on food choice in children: the effects of weight status","volume":"11","author":"Halford","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2003.11.006","article-title":"Effect of television advertisements for foods on food consumption in children","volume":"42","author":"Halford","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib62","first-page":"73","article-title":"Brand name logo recognition of fast food and healthy food among children","volume":"34","author":"Arredondo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12445","article-title":"Influence of unhealthy food and beverage marketing on children's dietary intake and preference: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"17","author":"Sadeghirad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obes. Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014001785","article-title":"Self-reported advertising exposure to sugar-sweetened beverages among US youth","volume":"18","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.082172","article-title":"Caffeine intake in children in the United States and 10-y trends: 2001-2010","volume":"100","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0b013e3283506827","article-title":"Toxicity of energy drinks","volume":"24","author":"Wolk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib67","first-page":"962178","article-title":"Links between psychotropic substance use and sensation seeking in a prevalence study: the role of some features of parenting style in a large sample of adolescents","volume":"2014","author":"Scalese","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib68","first-page":"6","article-title":"Energy drinks, soft drinks, and substance use among United States secondary school students","volume":"8","author":"Terry-McElrath","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2015.0024","article-title":"Weekly energy drink use is positively associated with delay discounting and risk behavior in a nationwide sample of young adults","volume":"6","author":"Meredith","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Caffeine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3641","article-title":"Adolescents living the 24\/7 lifestyle: effects of caffeine and technology on sleep duration and daytime functioning","volume":"123","author":"Calamaro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12289","article-title":"Energy drink consumption is associated with reduced sleep quality among college students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"74","author":"Faris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Diet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.41.4.10","article-title":"Adolescent energy drink use related to intake of fried and high-sugar Foods","volume":"41","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.820311","article-title":"Behavioral and physiologic adverse effects in adolescent and young adult emergency department patients reporting use of energy drinks and caffeine","volume":"51","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Toxicol. (Phila)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib75","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Energy drinks: getting wings but at what health cost?","volume":"30","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pakistan J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib76","series-title":"Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2011","author":"Johnston","year":"2012"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth risk behavior surveillance\u2014United States, 2013","volume":"63","author":"Kann","year":"2014","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.006","article-title":"Energy drink consumption among young Australian adults: associations with alcohol and illicit drug use","volume":"134","author":"Trapp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2012.01868.x","article-title":"Mixing an energy drink with an alcoholic beverage increases motivation for more alcohol in college students","volume":"37","author":"Marczinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib80","first-page":"136","article-title":"Alcohol mixed with energy drinks are robustly associated with patterns of problematic alcohol consumption among young adult college students","volume":"41C","author":"Snipes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.12.009","article-title":"Energy drink consumption and later alcohol use among early adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Miyake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17584","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017584","article-title":"Coffee, alcohol, smoking, physical activity and QT interval duration: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1089\/jcr.2014.0007","article-title":"Relations among caffeine consumption, smoking, smoking urge, and subjective smoking reinforcement in daily life","volume":"4","author":"Treloar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Caffeine Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.06.032","article-title":"Adolescent sports participation, e-cigarette use, and cigarette smoking","volume":"53","author":"Veliz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntw192","article-title":"Caffeine concentrations in coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drink flavored e-liquids","volume":"19","author":"Lisko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/nure.12136","article-title":"Regulatory status of caffeine in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib87","unstructured":"Letter to Commissioner Hamburg Re: The use of caffeine in energy drinks [press release]. March 19, 2013. Available at: https:\/\/graphics8.nytimes.com\/packages\/pdf\/business\/BestofScienceLetter_v22.pdf. Accessed November 21, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib88","series-title":"Nutrition Standards for Foods in Schools: Leading the Way Toward Healthier Youth","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0965","article-title":"Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: are they appropriate?","volume":"127","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib90","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Update on Caffeinated Alcohol Beverages. 2010.\u00a0Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/ingredientspackaginglabeling\/foodadditivesingredients\/ucm190366.htm. Accessed November 21, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib91","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Added caffeine in gum. 2013. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/ingredientspackaginglabeling\/foodadditivesingredients\/ucm396885.htm. Accessed November 21, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib92","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Added caffeine in peanut butter. 2015. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/ingredientspackaginglabeling\/foodadditivesingredients\/ucm476361.htm. Accessed November 21, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib93","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. FDA consumer advice on pure powder caffeine. 2015. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/DietarySupplements\/ProductsIngredients\/ucm604315.htm. Accessed November 21, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199101000-00013","article-title":"Caffeine exposure sensitizes rats to the reinforcing effects of cocaine","volume":"2","author":"Horger","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02246406","article-title":"Acute and repeated exposure to caffeine: effects on reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-taking behavior in rats","volume":"126","author":"Schenk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology. (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01352.x","article-title":"Energy drink consumption and increased risk for alcohol dependence","volume":"35","author":"Arria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.018","article-title":"Caffeine choice prospectively predicts positive subjective effects of caffeine and d-amphetamine","volume":"118","author":"Sigmon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib98","unstructured":"Crawford P. Energy drinks are killing young people. It's time to stop that. The Washington Post. 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/energy-drinks-are-killing-young-people-its-time-to-stop-that\/2017\/05\/25\/6343be9c-3ff8-11e7-9869-bac8b446820a_story.html?utm_term=.253af998e6a7. Accessed November 21, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib99","unstructured":"Luciew J. Caffeine overdose blamed in high school prom king's sudden death. Penn\u00a0Live. 2014. Available at: https:\/\/www.pennlive.com\/midstate\/index.ssf\/2014\/07\/caffeine_overdose_blamed_in_hi.html. Accessed November 21, 2018."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030_bib100","unstructured":"Meier B. Caffeinated drink cited in reports of 13 deaths. The New York Times. 2012. 11\/14\/2012."}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856718318847?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856718318847?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T21:07:01Z","timestamp":1775250421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856718318847"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856718318847"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Review: Trends, Safety, and Recommendations for Caffeine Use\u00a0in Children and Adolescents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.030","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92018 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}