{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T12:48:03Z","timestamp":1785761283697,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","jaacap.org","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,9]],"date-time":"2019-01-09T02:04:46Z","timestamp":1546999486000},"page":"412-422.e3","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":92,"title":["Sex Differences in Comorbidity Patterns of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"C\u00e6cilie","family":"Ottosen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janne Tidselbak","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen V.","family":"Faraone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharina","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liselotte","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f8ren","family":"Dalsgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200203000-00005","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity and functioning in clinically referred preschool children and school-age youths with ADHD","volume":"41","author":"Wilens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.9.1621","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings from multiplex families","volume":"162","author":"McGough","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.564","article-title":"Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders","volume":"148","author":"Biederman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3109\/00048670903282733","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity among children and adolescents with and without persistent attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"44","author":"Gau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006410","article-title":"Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study","volume":"36","author":"Biederman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuffe SP, Visser SN, Holbrook JR et\u00a0al. ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity: functional outcomes in a school-based sample of children [published online ahead of print November 25, 2015]. J Atten Disord. doi:10.1177\/1087054715613437.","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715613437"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1860","article-title":"Long-term criminal outcome of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"23","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crim Behav Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200620020-00003","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in girls: epidemiology and management","volume":"20","author":"Staller","year":"2006","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2013.0101","article-title":"Gender and injuries predict\u00a0stimulant medication use","volume":"24","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.10.5.765","article-title":"Why more boys than girls with ADHD receive treatment: a study of Dutch twins","volume":"10","author":"Derks","year":"2007","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054710361586","article-title":"Late adolescent and young adult outcomes of girls diagnosed with ADHD in childhood: an exploratory investigation","volume":"15","author":"Babinski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61684-6","article-title":"Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"385","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2010.01.006","article-title":"Gender differences in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"33","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1029-4","article-title":"Characteristics of undiagnosed children with parent-reported ADHD behaviour","volume":"27","author":"Madsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-006-1003-z","article-title":"Influence of gender on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in Europe\u2014ADORE","volume":"15","author":"Novik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/108705470200500302","article-title":"A\u00a0meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD","volume":"5","author":"Gershon","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2017.11.026","article-title":"A\u00a0genetic investigation of sex bias in the prevalence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004236","article-title":"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): gender- and age-related differences in neurocognition","volume":"39","author":"Balint","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/a0026582","article-title":"Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis","volume":"80","author":"Bruchmuller","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.12.010","article-title":"Gender differences in associations between attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder","volume":"55","author":"Ottosen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.09.016","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder symptoms in children with ADHD: a community-based study","volume":"47","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0142-1","article-title":"Comorbid mental disorders in children and adolescents with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in a large nationwide study","volume":"7","author":"Jensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib23","first-page":"165","article-title":"Gender differences of axis I and II comorbidity in subjects diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as adults","volume":"25","author":"Edvinsson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchison GM, Njardvik U. Prevalence and gender differences of ODD, anxiety, and depression in a sample of children with ADHD [published online ahead of print October 5, 2015]. J Atten Disord. doi:10.1177\/1087054715608442.","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054715608442"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713510353","article-title":"Sex- and subtype-related differences in the comorbidity of adult ADHDs","volume":"20","author":"Gross-Lesch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1105137","article-title":"Rates and patterns of comorbidity among first-year college students with ADHD","volume":"47","author":"Anastopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01146-5","article-title":"A\u00a0family study of psychiatric comorbidity in girls and boys with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"50","author":"Faraone","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12845","article-title":"Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity: a population-based study of 40 000 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"137","author":"Solberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib29","first-page":"5","article-title":"The WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys","volume":"6","author":"Kessler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatrie (Stuttg)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.36","article-title":"Cross-national associations between gender and mental disorders in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"66","author":"Seedat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.1.36","article-title":"Influence of gender on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children referred to a psychiatric clinic","volume":"159","author":"Biederman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.6.1083","article-title":"Absence of gender effects on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: findings in nonreferred subjects","volume":"162","author":"Biederman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810387965","article-title":"The Danish Civil Registration System","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.441","article-title":"Full spectrum of psychiatric disorders related to foreign migration: a Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"70","author":"Cantor-Graae","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494810395825","article-title":"The Danish Psychiatric Central Research Register","volume":"39","author":"Mors","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811401482","article-title":"The Danish National Patient Register","volume":"39","author":"Lynge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib37","series-title":"The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.16","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders","volume":"71","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22467","article-title":"Sex- and age-specific incidence of healthcare-register-recorded eating disorders in the complete swedish 1979-2001 birth cohort","volume":"48","author":"Javaras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13788","volume":"112","author":"Ostergaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12140","article-title":"Family income in early childhood and subsequent attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a quasi-experimental study","volume":"55","author":"Larsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157352","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157352","article-title":"Predicting ADHD by assessment of Rutter\u2019s indicators of adversity in infancy","volume":"11","author":"Ostergaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4081","article-title":"A\u00a0comprehensive assessment of parental age and psychiatric disorders","volume":"71","author":"McGrath","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.12.001","article-title":"Parents psychopathology of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"34","author":"Margari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib45","first-page":"29","article-title":"Monitoring perinatal mortality and perinatal care with a national register: content and usage of the Danish Medical Birth Register","volume":"8","author":"Knudsen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Community Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494811408483","article-title":"Danish registers on personal labour market affiliation","volume":"39","author":"Petersson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0508-5","article-title":"Common Danish standards in prescribing medication for children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"23","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01750.x","article-title":"ADHD and gender: are risks and sequela of ADHD the same for boys and girls?","volume":"48","author":"Bauermeister","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000153232.64968.c1","article-title":"Gender differences in ADHD subtype comorbidity","volume":"44","author":"Levy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib50","first-page":"2","article-title":"Perceptions of girls and ADHD: results from a national survey","volume":"6","author":"Quinn","year":"2004","journal-title":"MedGenMed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07091465","article-title":"Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood","volume":"165","author":"Mannuzza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00271-0","article-title":"Effect of drugs on the risk of injuries in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a prospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.02.018","article-title":"Medication for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and risk for depression: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study","volume":"80","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g3769","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g3769","article-title":"Drug treatment for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and suicidal behaviour: register based study","volume":"348","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1005-z","article-title":"Comorbidity prevalence and treatment outcome in children and adolescents with ADHD","volume":"26","author":"Reale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910_bib56","series-title":"Suicides in Denmark. Decrease in number of completed suicides but\u00a0increase in attempts. why?","author":"Helweg-Larsen","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089085671930005X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S089085671930005X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,27]],"date-time":"2019-03-27T09:44:33Z","timestamp":1553679873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S089085671930005X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S089085671930005X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sex Differences in Comorbidity Patterns of Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.07.910","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92019 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}