{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:08:43Z","timestamp":1787504923671,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,28]],"date-time":"2019-05-28T11:27:39Z","timestamp":1559042859000},"page":"381-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Classifying Mood Symptom Trajectories in Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Marc J.","family":"Weintraub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Schneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Axelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Birmaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Kowatch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Miklowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2009.00686.x","article-title":"Retrospective age at onset of bipolar disorder and outcome during two-year follow-up: results from the STEP-BD study","volume":"11","author":"Perlis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.4.582","article-title":"Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder after first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode","volume":"164","author":"DelBello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.2.175","article-title":"Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders","volume":"63","author":"Birmaher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.10.1125","article-title":"Child bipolar I disorder: prospective continuity with adult bipolar I disorder; characteristics of second and third episodes; predictors of 8-year outcome","volume":"65","author":"Geller","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08101569","article-title":"Four-year longitudinal course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders: the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study","volume":"166","author":"Birmaher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib6","series-title":"Manic-Depressive Illness: Bipolar Disorders and Recurrent Depression. Vol 1","author":"Goodwin","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.530","article-title":"The long-term natural history of the weekly symptomatic status of bipolar I disorder","volume":"59","author":"Judd","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00909-4","article-title":"Historical perspectives and natural history of bipolar disorder","volume":"48","author":"Angst","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib9","series-title":"Manic-Depressive Illness and Paranoia","author":"Kraepelin","year":"1921"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015919","article-title":"Are there developmentally limited forms of bipolar disorder?","volume":"118","author":"Cicero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00911-2","article-title":"Pediatric mania: a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder?","volume":"48","author":"Biederman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.9.1633","article-title":"Further evidence for a developmental subtype of bipolar disorder defined by age at onset: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"163","author":"Goldstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820020046006","article-title":"Rapidly cycling affective disorder","volume":"49","author":"Coryell","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13121577","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectories and associated baseline predictors in youths with bipolar spectrum disorders","volume":"171","author":"Birmaher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200503000-00006","article-title":"Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder","volume":"44","author":"Kowatch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1089\/104454603322724850","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary study of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children mania rating scale for children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Axelson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Adolesc Psychopharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790300064008","article-title":"The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview: test-retest reliability of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present Episode Version","volume":"42","author":"Chambers","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13081130","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy and family-focused treatment for adolescents with bipolar I and II disorders: a 2-year randomized trial","volume":"171","author":"Miklowitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children\u2212Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1987.01800180050009","article-title":"The Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation: a comprehensive method for assessing outcome in prospective longitudinal studies","volume":"44","author":"Keller","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib21","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1975","journal-title":"Four Factor Index of Social Status"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.7.675","article-title":"Brief screening for family psychiatric history: the family history screen","volume":"57","author":"Weissman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(86)90049-1","article-title":"A\u00a0brief method for assessing expressed emotion in relatives of psychiatric patients","volume":"17","author":"Maga\u00f1a","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib24","author":"Ravens-Sieberer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00054.x","article-title":"An introduction to latent class growth analysis and growth mixture modeling","volume":"2","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib26","series-title":"Mplus: Statistical Analysis With Latent Variables: User's Guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701575396","article-title":"Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a Monte Carlo simulation study","volume":"14","author":"Nylund","year":"2007","journal-title":"Struct Equat Model"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.08050746","article-title":"Manic symptoms during depressive episodes in 1,380 patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD","volume":"166","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00129-9","article-title":"Suicidal behavior in bipolar mood disorder: clinical characteristics of attempters and nonattempters","volume":"59","author":"Oquendo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.8.1447","article-title":"Correlates of 1-year prospective outcome in bipolar disorder: results from the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Network","volume":"161","author":"Nolen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1508","article-title":"A\u00a0randomized controlled trial of risperidone, lithium, or divalproex sodium for initial treatment of bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed phase, in children and adolescents","volume":"69","author":"Geller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2010.00798.x","article-title":"Antipsychotic and mood stabilizer efficacy and tolerability in pediatric and adult patients with bipolar I mania: a comparative analysis of acute, randomized, placebo-controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Correll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.2.201","article-title":"STAR* D: what have we learned?","volume":"164","author":"Rush","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.01.022","article-title":"Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder: data from the first 1000 participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD)","volume":"55","author":"Perlis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-3-72","article-title":"Quality of life in bipolar disorder: a review of the literature","volume":"3","author":"Michalak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2011.03.003","article-title":"Suicide attempts are associated with worse quality of life in patients with bipolar disorder type I","volume":"53","author":"de Abreu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.3.482","article-title":"Family-focused treatment versus individual treatment for bipolar disorder: results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Rea","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.11.1544","article-title":"Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differences","volume":"154","author":"Cannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/3.2.246","article-title":"Heterogeneity among schizophrenic patients: selective review of recent findings (1970\u201375)","volume":"3","author":"Houlihan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(99)00133-0","article-title":"Social support and self-esteem predict changes in bipolar depression but not mania","volume":"58","author":"Johnson","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.5.459","article-title":"Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype","volume":"61","author":"Geller","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.6.547","article-title":"Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: a meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Butzlaff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib43","first-page":"343","article-title":"Expressed emotion as a predictor of outcome among bipolar patients undergoing family therapy","volume":"82","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.06.002","article-title":"Locus of control: relation to schizophrenia, to recovery, and to depression and psychosis\u2014a 15-year longitudinal study","volume":"168","author":"Harrow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04994yel","article-title":"Early-onset bipolar disorder and treatment delay are risk factors for poor outcome in adulthood","volume":"71","author":"Post","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0098","article-title":"Access to mental health care increased but not for substance use, while disparities remain","volume":"35","author":"Creedon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Affairs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10880-017-9510-2","article-title":"Mental health disparities, treatment engagement, and attrition among racial\/ethnic minorities with severe mental illness: a review","volume":"24","author":"Maura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychol Med Settings"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856719303569?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856719303569?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:28:22Z","timestamp":1760192902000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856719303569"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856719303569"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Classifying Mood Symptom Trajectories in Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.028","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92019 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}