{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:38:46Z","timestamp":1793173126279,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000073","name":"Autism Speaks","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000073","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T10:09:08Z","timestamp":1576750148000},"page":"1342-1352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Trajectories in Symptoms of Autism and Cognitive Ability in Autism From Childhood to Adult Life: Findings\u00a0From a Longitudinal Epidemiological Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5450-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Simonoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5624-1733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominic","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5633-1253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Lord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1294-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jackie","family":"Briskman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0616-5055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steve","family":"Lukito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1283-0346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Charman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000308","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder: outcomes in adulthood","volume":"30","author":"Howlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361312441266","article-title":"Outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a historical perspective","volume":"17","author":"Henninger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12559","article-title":"A\u00a0systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood","volume":"133","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.11.002","article-title":"Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adjults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood","volume":"34","author":"Magiati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2013.11.002","article-title":"Cognitive, language, social and behavioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood","volume":"34","author":"Magiati","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1070-3","article-title":"Employment and post-secondary educational activities for young adults with autism spectrum disorders during the transition to adulthood","volume":"41","author":"Taylor","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-014-2199-2","article-title":"Change in autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors in adolescence and adulthood: the role of positive family processes","volume":"45","author":"Woodman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69041-7","article-title":"Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South East Thames\u2014The Special Needs and Autism Project","volume":"368","author":"Baird","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib9","series-title":"The Social Communication Questionnaire","author":"Rutter","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02172145","article-title":"Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised: a revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders","volume":"24","author":"Lord","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005592401947","article-title":"The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Generic: a standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism","volume":"30","author":"Lord","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib12","series-title":"Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS) Second Edition","author":"Harrison","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib13","series-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)","author":"Constantino","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00023","article-title":"The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use","volume":"43","author":"Wing","year":"2002","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0571-9","article-title":"Regression, developmental trajectory and associated problems in disorders in the autism spectrum: the SNAP study","volume":"38","author":"Baird","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib16","series-title":"Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-Revised","author":"Semel","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.6.534","article-title":"Using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to screen for child psychiatric disorders in a community sample","volume":"177","author":"Goodman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib18","series-title":"A\u00a0User\u2019s Guide to the General Health Questionnaire GHQ","author":"Goldberg","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib19","first-page":"28","article-title":"Measuring deprivation in England and Wales using 2001 Carstairs scores","volume":"31","author":"Morgan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Stat Q"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib20","series-title":"Statistical Analysis With Missing Data","author":"Little","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib21","series-title":"LISREL issues, debates and strategies","author":"Hayduk","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.69","article-title":"Twenty-year outcome for individuals with autism and average or near-average cognitive abilities","volume":"2","author":"Farley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00215.x","article-title":"Adult outcome for children with autism","volume":"45","author":"Howlin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-1027-5","article-title":"Improvement in cognitive and language skills from preschool to adolescence in autism","volume":"35","author":"Sigman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12115","article-title":"Cognitive and language skills in adults with autism: a 40-year follow-up","volume":"55","author":"Howlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2011.01.023","article-title":"Outcomes in adolescents and adults with autism: a review of the literature","volume":"5","author":"Levy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Res Autism Spectr Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00642","article-title":"Autism and developmental receptive language disorder\u2014a comparative follow-up in early adult life. I: Cognitive and language outcomes","volume":"41","author":"Mawhood","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01774.x","article-title":"Autism in adults: symptom patterns and early childhood predictors. Use of the DISCO in a community sample followed from childhood","volume":"48","author":"Billstedt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1222-0","article-title":"Early childhood predictors of the social competence of adults with autism","volume":"42","author":"Gillespie-Lynch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0441-x","article-title":"Young adult outcome of autism spectrum disorders","volume":"38","author":"Eaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/13682820802708098","article-title":"Adult psychosocial outcomes of children with specific language impairment, pragmatic language impairment and autism","volume":"44","author":"Whitehouse","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Lang Commun Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-0614-3","article-title":"Stability and change of IQ scores in preschool children diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder","volume":"16","author":"Dietz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00361.x","article-title":"Continuity and change from early childhood to adolescence in autism","volume":"46","author":"McGovern","year":"2005","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1989.tb00269.x","article-title":"Stability of assessment results of autistic and non-autistic language-impaired children from preschool years to early school age","volume":"30","author":"Lord","year":"1989","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-007-0364-6","article-title":"Asperger syndrome and autism: a comparative longitudinal follow-up study more than 5 years after original diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Cederlund","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.02.017","article-title":"Social outcomes in mid- to later adulthood among individuals diagnosed with autism and average nonverbal IQ as children","volume":"52","author":"Howlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.012","article-title":"Changing conceptualizations of regression: what prospective studies reveal about the onset of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"100","author":"Ozonoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.02032.x","article-title":"Loss of language in early development of autism and specific language impairment","volume":"50","author":"Pickles","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7588-117-2.121","article-title":"Trajectory of behavior and emotional problems in autism","volume":"117","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JADD.0000037415.21458.93","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms in preschool children with PDD and clinic and comparison samples","volume":"34","author":"Gadow","year":"2004","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-010-1095-7","article-title":"Kiddie-SADS reveals high rates of DSM-IV disorders in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"41","author":"Gjevik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318179964f","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity and associated factors","volume":"47","author":"Simonoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.49","article-title":"Assessing autistic traits: cross-cultural validation of the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)","volume":"1","author":"Bolte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autism Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0694-7","article-title":"Multi-informant ratings of psychiatric symptom severity in children with autism spectrum disorders: the importance of environmental context","volume":"39","author":"Kanne","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2012.02589.x","article-title":"Factors influencing scores on the Social Responsiveness Scale","volume":"54","author":"Hus","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2561-z","article-title":"Contextual factors predict patterns of change in functioning over 10 years among adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"46","author":"Woodman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361312467865","article-title":"Comparing cognitive outcomes among children with autism spectrum disorders receiving community-based early intervention in one of three placements","volume":"18","author":"Nahmias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.226","article-title":"Growing up and growing apart: A developmental meta-analysis of twin studies","volume":"107","author":"McCartney","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01495061","article-title":"Outcome and prognostic factors in infantile autism and similar conditions: a population-based study of 46 cases followed through puberty","volume":"17","author":"Gillberg","year":"1987","journal-title":"J\u00a0Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12269","article-title":"Heterogeneity and plasticity in the development of language: a 17-year follow-up of children referred early for possible autism","volume":"55","author":"Pickles","year":"2014","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856719322312?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856719322312?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:29:37Z","timestamp":1760192977000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856719322312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856719322312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Trajectories in Symptoms of Autism and Cognitive Ability in Autism From Childhood to Adult Life: Findings\u00a0From a Longitudinal Epidemiological Cohort","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.11.020","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92020 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}