{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:26:22Z","timestamp":1786991182011,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","jaacap.org","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,20]],"date-time":"2021-04-20T15:11:23Z","timestamp":1618931483000},"page":"159-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Systematic Review: Nonverbal Learning Disability"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prudence W.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jazmin A.","family":"Reyes-Portillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8764-2134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark A.","family":"Riddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9092-2428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hillary D.","family":"Litwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0001","series-title":"Learning Disabilities: Educational Principles and Practices","author":"Johnson","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0002","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed (DSM-5)","year":"2013"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2011.648923","article-title":"A critical review of the literature on NLD as a developmental disorder","volume":"19","author":"Fine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2016.1205012","article-title":"Emotion knowledge, emotion regulation, and psychosocial adjustment in children with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"23","author":"Metsala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0005","series-title":"Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: The Syndrome and the Model","author":"Rourke","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0006","series-title":"Syndrome of Nonverbal Learning Disabilities: Neurodevelopmental Manifestations","author":"Rourke","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.53.100901.135204","article-title":"Child clinical\/pediatric neuropsychology: some recent advances","volume":"53","author":"Rourke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0008","series-title":"Treating NVLD Children","author":"Broitman","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0009","series-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (5th ed) (WISC-V)","author":"Wechsler","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/09297041003631444","article-title":"A practice-based approach to group identification in nonverbal learning disorders","volume":"16","author":"Grodzinsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2013.796920","article-title":"An analysis of the criteria used to diagnose children with nonverbal learning disability (NLD)","volume":"20","author":"Mammarella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2015.1064410","article-title":"Definition of a visuospatial dimension as a step forward in the diagnostic puzzle of nonverbal learning disability","volume":"6","author":"Poletti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0013","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Submit proposals for making changes to DSM\u20135. Accessed June 22, 2021; https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/psychiatrists\/practice\/dsm\/submit-proposals."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0016","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Study quality assessment tools. Accessed June 22, 2021; https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","article-title":"Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology","volume":"6","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1994","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409345014","article-title":"Recognition, expression, and understanding facial expressions of emotion in adolescents with nonverbal and general learning disabilities","volume":"43","author":"Bloom","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Learn Disabilities"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2017.1297946","article-title":"Pragmatics of language and theory of mind in children with dyslexia with associated language difficulties or nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"7","author":"Cardillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-007-0630-3","article-title":"Subtypes of learning disabilities: neuropsychological and behavioural functioning of 495 children referred for multidisciplinary assessment","volume":"16","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707070087","article-title":"Taxonicity of nonverbal learning disabilities in spina bifida","volume":"13","author":"Ris","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1871-2","article-title":"Comparison among children with children with autism spectrum disorder, nonverbal learning disorder and typically developing children on measures of executive functioning","volume":"44","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.494747","article-title":"Neuropsychological differences among children with Asperger syndrome, nonverbal learning disabilities, attention deficit disorder, and controls","volume":"35","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2012.712823","article-title":"Are fine-motor impairments a defining feature of nonverbal learning disabilities in children?","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson-Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Child"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-005-0066-7","article-title":"Behavioral problems and the effects of early intervention on eight-year-old children with learning disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194060390030101","article-title":"Maternal stress in nonverbal learning disorder: a comparison with reading disorder","volume":"39","author":"Antshel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408317546","article-title":"Is there an increased familial prevalence of psychopathology in children with nonverbal learning disorders?","volume":"41","author":"Antshel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.03.011","article-title":"Local and global processing in block design tasks in children with dyslexia or nonverbal learning disability","volume":"64","author":"Cardillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949803100308","article-title":"Interpretation of facial expressions of affect in children with learning disabilities with verbal or nonverbal deficits","volume":"31","author":"Dimitrovsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.53841\/bpsecp.2005.22.2.90","article-title":"Is there a fine motor skill deficit in nonverbal learning disabilities?","volume":"22","author":"Durand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Educ Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049708401368","article-title":"Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and Halstead Category Test performances of children and adolescents who exhibit the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"3","author":"Fisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/09297040490911131","article-title":"The utility of math difficulties, internalized psychopathology, and visual-spatial deficits to identify children with the nonverbal learning disability syndrome: evidence for a visual-spatial disability","volume":"10","author":"Forrest","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219410371680","article-title":"Social cognition and its relation to psychosocial adjustment in children with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"44","author":"Galway","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Learning Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.07.035","article-title":"Deficits in visual short-term memory binding in children at risk of non-verbal learning disabilities","volume":"45-46","author":"Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/bjdp.12019","article-title":"Visuospatial working memory for locations, colours, and binding in typically developing children and in children with dyslexia and non-verbal learning disability","volume":"32","author":"Garcia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Dev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2013.854763","article-title":"Smaller splenium in children with nonverbal learning disability compared to controls, high-functioning autism and ADHD","volume":"20","author":"Goldenring-Fine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949402700303","article-title":"Principal identifying features of the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities in children","volume":"27","author":"Harnadek","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.06.001","article-title":"Narrative comprehension and retelling abilities of children with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"56","author":"Humphries","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1996.82.3.979","article-title":"Evidence of nonverbal learning disability among learning disabled boys with sensory integrative dysfunction","volume":"82","author":"Humphries","year":"1996","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2013.817583","article-title":"Mathematical difficulties in nonverbal learning disability or co-morbid dyscalculia and dyslexia","volume":"38","author":"Mammarella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000492","article-title":"Differences in visuospatial processing in individuals with nonverbal learning disability or autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability","volume":"33","author":"Mammarella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2004.08.004","article-title":"Difficulties in the control of irrelevant visuospatial information in children with visuospatial learning disabilities","volume":"118","author":"Mammarella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290442000509","article-title":"Sequence and space: The critical role of a backward spatial span in the working memory deficit of visuospatial learning disabled children","volume":"22","author":"Mammarella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219414529336","article-title":"Anxiety and depression in children with nonverbal learning disabilities, reading disabilities, or typical development","volume":"49","author":"Mammarella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2011.640931","article-title":"Intuitive geometry and visuospatial working memory in children showing symptoms of nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"19","author":"Mammarella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219409355482","article-title":"Spatial working memory and arithmetic deficits in children with nonverbal learning difficulties","volume":"43","author":"Mammarella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01534","article-title":"Memory and comprehension deficits in spatial descriptions of children with non-verbal and reading disabilities","volume":"5","author":"Mammarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2009.05.003","article-title":"Representation of survey and route spatial descriptions in children with nonverbal (visuospatial) learning disabilities","volume":"71","author":"Mammarella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2010.485125","article-title":"Visual perception and memory impairments in children at risk of nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"16","author":"Mammarella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000494","article-title":"Salience network connectivity and social processing in children with nonverbal learning disability or autism spectrum disorder","volume":"33","author":"Margolis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.7.2.84.3127","article-title":"Classification rules for basic phonological processing disabilities and nonverbal learning disabilities: formulation and external validity","volume":"7","author":"Pelletier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021400203453","article-title":"Perception of nonverbal emotion cues by children with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"15","author":"Petti","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Dev Phys Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00915788","article-title":"Neuropsychological significance of variations in patterns of academic performance: verbal and visual-spatial abilities","volume":"6","author":"Rourke","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/3.2.62","article-title":"Neuropsychological significance of variations in patterns of academic performance: motor, psychomotor, and tactile-perceptual abilities","volume":"3","author":"Rourke","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219408326213","article-title":"Analogical problem solving in children with verbal and nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"42","author":"Schiff","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810384264","article-title":"Presence of cysts on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) in children with Asperger disorder and nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"26","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2014.994487","article-title":"Social functioning using direct and indirect measures with children with high functioning autism, nonverbal learning disability, and typically developing children","volume":"22","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2013.795528","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging volumetric findings in children with Asperger syndrome, nonverbal learning disability, or healthy controls","volume":"35","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-008-0016-3","article-title":"Comprehension of humor in children with nonverbal learning disabilities, reading disabilities, and without learning disabilities","volume":"58","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-009-9380-7","article-title":"Direct and indirect measures of social perception, behavior, and emotional functioning in children with Asperger disorder, nonverbal learning disability, or ADHD","volume":"38","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1017\/langcog.2017.17","article-title":"Breadth over depth in the semantic representations of adults with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"10","author":"Stothers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lang Cogn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/15374418309533110","article-title":"Concept-formation\/non-verbal reasoning abilities of children who exhibit specific academic problems with arithmetic","volume":"12","author":"Strang","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Clinic Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1076\/chin.9.3.175.16454","article-title":"Arithmetic difficulties in children with visuospatial learning disability (VLD)","volume":"9","author":"Venneri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/073428299901700301","article-title":"Personality profiles of adults with verbal and nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"17","author":"Waldo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Psychoeduc Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1999.2156","article-title":"Spatial and emotional aspects of language inferencing in nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"70","author":"Worling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Lang"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02654944","article-title":"Nonverbal learning disability, school behavior, and dyslexia","volume":"42","author":"Badian","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Dyslexia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579400005344","article-title":"Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: age differences in neuropsychological, academic, and socioemotional functioning","volume":"3","author":"Casey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034399202005","article-title":"Simultaneous and successive cognitive processing in children with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"20","author":"Chow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2190\/IC.31.1-2.f","article-title":"Imaginative representation of two- and three-dimensional matrices in children with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"31","author":"Cornoldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Imagin Cogn Personal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949903200105","article-title":"Imagery deficits in nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"32","author":"Cornoldi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01350.x","article-title":"Visuo-spatial working memory limitations in low visuo-spatial high verbal intelligence children","volume":"36","author":"Cornoldi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.09.011","article-title":"Pitch perception deficits in nonverbal learning disability","volume":"59","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Prieto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049708400642","article-title":"Verbal learning strategies of adolescents and adults with the syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"3","author":"Fisher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Child Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0075","first-page":"1834","article-title":"Neuropsychological characteristics of selective attention in children with nonverbal learning disabilities","volume":"117","author":"Jing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1080\/13554794.2010.536954","article-title":"Nonverbal and verbal learning: a comparative study of children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome, non-syndromal nonverbal learning disorder and memory disorder","volume":"17","author":"Lepach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurocase (Psychology Press)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2013.11.004","article-title":"Emotional false memories in children with learning disabilities","volume":"35","author":"Mirandola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res Devl Disabil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0078","first-page":"17","article-title":"Children with non-verbal learning disabilities (NLD): coherence values in the resting state may reflect hypofunctional long distance connections in the right hemisphere","volume":"27","author":"Njiokiktjien","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fiziol Cheloveka"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0079","first-page":"389","article-title":"Working with parents of children with nonverbal learning disabilities: a conceptual and intervention model","author":"Palombo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Understanding, diagnosing, and treating AD\/HD in children and adolescents: an integrated approach"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01361.x","article-title":"Validity and neuropsychological characterization of Asperger syndrome: convergence with nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Klin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-005-0020-y","article-title":"Spatial cognition in autism spectrum disorders: superior, impaired, or just intact?","volume":"35","author":"Edgin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003_bib0082","series-title":"Social Competence in Children","author":"Semrud-Clikeman","year":"2007"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856721002343?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856721002343?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T02:12:33Z","timestamp":1723083153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856721002343"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856721002343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Systematic Review: Nonverbal Learning Disability","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.04.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 American Academy of Child &#38; Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}