{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T07:17:54Z","timestamp":1786864674295,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,22]],"date-time":"2023-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679443200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":355,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH117559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH117559"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA023026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA023026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DA036523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DA036523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AG072459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AG072459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000071","name":"National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD093651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD093651"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000071","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T20:58:00Z","timestamp":1629147480000},"page":"533-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Adult Psychiatric, Substance, and Functional Outcomes of Different Definitions of Early Cannabis Use"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1348-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William E.","family":"Copeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherika N.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4534-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lilly","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.11.006","article-title":"Cannabis use and disorder from childhood to adulthood in a longitudinal community sample with American Indians","volume":"56","author":"Copeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1402309","article-title":"Adverse health effects of marijuana use","volume":"370","author":"Volkow","year":"2014","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-017-0133-3","article-title":"Longitudinal studies on the etiology of cannabis use disorder: a review","volume":"4","author":"Courtney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01740.x","article-title":"Adolescent tobacco and cannabis use: young adult outcomes from the Ontario Child Health Study","volume":"48","author":"Georgiades","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1258706","article-title":"Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabis use: examining intermediary processes","volume":"43","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70307-4","article-title":"Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis","volume":"1","author":"Silins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1212","article-title":"Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study","volume":"325","author":"Arseneault","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00103.x","article-title":"Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood","volume":"97","author":"Fergusson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12512","article-title":"A\u00a0prospective study of the substance use and mental health outcomes of young adult former and current cannabis users","volume":"36","author":"Silins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.016","article-title":"The association between regular marijuana use and adult mental health outcomes","volume":"179","author":"Guttmannova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.12.009","article-title":"Marijuana use trajectories during college predict health outcomes nine years post-matriculation","volume":"159","author":"Arria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.034","article-title":"Adolescent substance use and educational attainment: an integrative data analysis comparing cannabis and alcohol from three Australasian cohorts","volume":"156","author":"Silins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04015.x","article-title":"The persistence of the association between adolescent cannabis use and common mental disorders into young adulthood","volume":"108","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702616630958","article-title":"Persistent cannabis dependence and alcohol dependence represent risks for midlife economic and social problems: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Cerda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.025","article-title":"Comorbidity and temporal relations of alcohol and cannabis use disorders from youth through adulthood","volume":"149","author":"Duncan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.008","article-title":"Cannabis use and educational achievement: findings from three Australasian cohort studies","volume":"110","author":"Horwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000464","article-title":"Types of cannabis and tobacco\/nicotine co-use and associated outcomes in young adulthood","volume":"33","author":"Tucker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14814","article-title":"Life-course trajectories of cannabis use: a latent class analysis of a New Zealand birth cohort","volume":"115","author":"Boden","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108182","article-title":"Trajectories of cannabis use and risk for opioid misuse in a young adult urban cohort","volume":"215","author":"Reboussin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-018-0904-7","article-title":"Associations between marijuana use trajectories and educational and occupational success in young adulthood","volume":"20","author":"Thompson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19181","article-title":"Trajectories of nicotine and cannabis vaping and polyuse from adolescence to young adulthood","volume":"3","author":"Lanza","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01728.x","article-title":"Trajectories of adolescent alcohol and cannabis use into young adulthood","volume":"102","author":"Patton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208503","article-title":"Patterns of cannabis use during adolescence and their association with harmful substance use behaviour: findings from a UK birth cohort","volume":"71","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2015.09.008","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of adolescent cannabis use and their relationship to young adult social and behavioural adjustment: a longitudinal study of Australian youth","volume":"53","author":"Scholes-Balog","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12490","article-title":"Patterns of cannabis use and prospective associations with health issues among young males","volume":"109","author":"Baggio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13557","article-title":"Trajectories of cannabis use disorder: risk factors, clinical characteristics and outcomes","volume":"112","author":"Kosty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.08.012","article-title":"Predicting persistent, limited, and delayed problematic cannabis use in early adulthood: findings from a longitudinal study","volume":"56","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171400107X","article-title":"Natural course of cannabis use disorders","volume":"45","author":"Farmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000377625","article-title":"Three-year course of cannabis dependence and prediction of persistence","volume":"21","author":"van der Pol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579404040118","article-title":"Trajectories of marijuana use from adolescence to young adulthood: predictors and outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Windle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02246.x","article-title":"Adolescent cannabis users at 24 years: trajectories to regular weekly use and dependence in young adulthood","volume":"103","author":"Swift","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.8.837","article-title":"Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence","volume":"60","author":"Costello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00015","article-title":"The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA)","volume":"39","author":"Angold","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib35","series-title":"The Young Adult Psychiatric Assessment (YAPA)","author":"Angold","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329170003498X","article-title":"The Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA)","volume":"25","author":"Angold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700034991","article-title":"A\u00a0test-retest reliability study of child-reported psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA-C)","volume":"25","author":"Angold","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9545053.x","article-title":"Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use?","volume":"95","author":"Fergusson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.06.002","article-title":"Cannabis and depression: an integrative data analysis of four Australasian cohorts","volume":"126","author":"Horwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E500","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1516648113","article-title":"Impact of adolescent marijuana use on intelligence: results from two longitudinal twin studies","volume":"113","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13946","article-title":"Associations between adolescent cannabis use and neuropsychological decline: a longitudinal co-twin control study","volume":"113","author":"Meier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child &amp; Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856721013502?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856721013502?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:32:37Z","timestamp":1760193157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856721013502"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856721013502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Adult Psychiatric, Substance, and Functional Outcomes of Different Definitions of Early Cannabis Use","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.824","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92021 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}