{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T04:01:26Z","timestamp":1789704086042,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T02:02:08Z","timestamp":1630548128000},"page":"554-564.e1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Preschool Irritability Predicts Adolescent Psychopathology and Functional Impairment: A 12-Year Prospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8192-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah K.","family":"Sorcher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-2281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8290-7500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan C.","family":"Finsaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6087-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabrielle A.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4582-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel N.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-7686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lea R.","family":"Dougherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-044941","article-title":"Irritability in children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Brotman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12010132","article-title":"Prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of DSM-5 proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder","volume":"170","author":"Copeland","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708004662","article-title":"Mood lability and psychopathology in youth","volume":"39","author":"Stringaris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.042","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical correlates, and longitudinal course of severe mood dysregulation in children","volume":"60","author":"Brotman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2009.08121849","article-title":"Adult outcomes of youth irritability: A 20-year prospective community-based study","volume":"166","author":"Stringaris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002903","article-title":"Dimensions of irritability in adolescents: Longitudinal associations with psychopathology in adulthood","volume":"50","author":"Hawes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2014.13091213","article-title":"Adult diagnostic and functional outcomes of DSM-5 disruptive mood dysregulation disorder","volume":"171","author":"Copeland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.04.014","article-title":"The status of irritability in psychiatry: A conceptual and quantitative review","volume":"55","author":"Vidal-Ribas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2015.05.016","article-title":"Clinical implications of a dimensional approach: The normal:abnormal spectrum of early irritability","volume":"54","author":"Wakschlag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.12.008","article-title":"Identifying clinically significant irritability in early childhood","volume":"57","author":"Wiggins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.07.003","article-title":"Neural substrates of child irritability in typically developing and psychiatric populations","volume":"14","author":"Perlman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.03.012","article-title":"Preschool- and school-age irritability predict reward-related brain function","volume":"57","author":"Dougherty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2016.07.002","article-title":"The neural substrates of cognitive flexibility are related to individual differences in preschool irritability: A fNIRS investigation","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.09.007","article-title":"Preschool irritability: Longitudinal associations with psychiatric disorders at age 6 and parental psychopathology","volume":"52","author":"Dougherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12403","article-title":"Preschool irritability predicts child psychopathology, functional impairment, and service use at age nine","volume":"56","author":"Dougherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02446.x","article-title":"Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults?","volume":"52","author":"Costello","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2017.01.004","article-title":"Irritability in child and adolescent psychopathology: An integrative review for ICD-11","volume":"53","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2018.1460847","article-title":"Irritability, externalizing, and internalizing psychopathology in adolescence: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations and moderation by sex","volume":"48","author":"Humphreys","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.57.1.21","article-title":"Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression. A theoretical model","volume":"57","author":"Cyranowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.759225","article-title":"Preschool anxiety disorders: Comprehensive assessment of clinical, demographic, temperamental, familial, and life stress correlates","volume":"42","author":"Dougherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020112","article-title":"Temperamental emotionality in preschool-aged children and depressive disorders in parents: Associations in a large community sample","volume":"119","author":"Olino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12242","article-title":"The Stony Brook Temperament Study: Early antecedents and pathways to emotional disorders","volume":"11","author":"Klein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib23","first-page":"21","article-title":"Four factor index of social status","volume":"8","author":"Hollingshead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Sociology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000205705.71194.b8","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA)","volume":"45","author":"Egger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021","article-title":"Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data","volume":"36","author":"Kaufman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib26","series-title":"Children\u2019s Depression Inventory","author":"Kovacs","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199910000-00011","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A replication study","volume":"38","author":"Birmaher","year":"1999","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010","article-title":"A\u00a0Children\u2019s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS)","volume":"40","author":"Shaffer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00048","article-title":"Age and gender as determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: A transactional perspective","volume":"70","author":"Rudolph","year":"1999","journal-title":"Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2018.1504298","article-title":"Early childhood psychopathology prospectively predicts social functioning in early adolescence","volume":"49","author":"Finsaas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029567","article-title":"Predictors of first lifetime onset of major depressive disorder in young adulthood","volume":"122","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537962","article-title":"A\u00a0self-report measure of pubertal status: Reliability, validity, and initial norms","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J\u00a0Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0286-5","article-title":"Evidence of non-linear associations between frustration-related prefrontal cortex activation and the normal:abnormal spectrum of irritability in young children","volume":"46","author":"Grabell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2006.16.456","article-title":"Chronic versus episodic irritability in youth: A community-based, longitudinal study of clinical and diagnostic associations","volume":"16","author":"Leibenluft","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2017-0002","article-title":"Redefining the endophenotype concept to accommodate transdiagnostic vulnerabilities and etiological complexity","volume":"11","author":"Beauchaine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"issue":"4 pt 1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000626","article-title":"Transdiagnostic factors and pathways to multifinality: The error-related negativity predicts whether preschool irritability is associated with internalizing versus externalizing symptoms at age 9","volume":"28","author":"Kessel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719003684","article-title":"Developmental pathways from preschool irritability to multifinality in early adolescence: The role of diurnal cortisol","volume":"51","author":"Kessel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e3181a56606","article-title":"Subthreshold depressive disorder in adolescents: Predictors of escalation to full-syndrome depressive disorders","volume":"48","author":"Klein","year":"2009","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders as predictors of young adult disorders","volume":"66","author":"Copeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038498","article-title":"The validity of the multi-informant approach to assessing child and adolescent mental health","volume":"141","author":"De Los Reyes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib41","first-page":"374","article-title":"Parent-child discrepancies in reporting of child depression in ethnic groups","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J\u00a0Nurse Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.031","article-title":"Clinical and psychosocial characteristics of young children with suicidal ideation, behaviors, and nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors","volume":"58","author":"Luby","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991905","article-title":"Predictors of suicidality across the life span: The Isle of Wight study","volume":"40","author":"Pickles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2018.06.034","article-title":"Pathways of association between childhood irritability and adolescent suicidality","volume":"58","author":"Orri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31816429d3","article-title":"New insights into the comorbidity between ADHD and major depression in adolescent and young adult females","volume":"47","author":"Biederman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22151","article-title":"Irritability in child and adolescent anxiety disorders","volume":"31","author":"Stoddard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12873","article-title":"Commentary: Frying pan to fire? Commentary on Stringaris et\u00a0al. (2018)","volume":"59","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib48","author":"Silver"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000258","article-title":"The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies","volume":"126","author":"Kotov","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib51","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition","author":"First","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib52","series-title":"Teaching Tasks Administration and Scoring Manual","author":"Egeland","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000205705.71194.b8","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA)","volume":"45","author":"Egger","year":"2006","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2012.759225","article-title":"Preschool anxiety disorders: Comprehensive assessment of clinical, demographic, temperamental, familial, and life stress correlates","volume":"42","author":"Dougherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib55","unstructured":"Goldsmith HH, Reilly J, Lemery KS, Longley S, Prescott A. Laboratory Temperament Assessment Battery: Preschool Version. 1995."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020112","article-title":"Temperamental emotionality in preschool-aged children and depressive disorders in parents: Associations in a large community sample","volume":"119","author":"Olino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J\u00a0Abnorm Psychol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856721013605?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856721013605?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T14:31:55Z","timestamp":1760193115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856721013605"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856721013605"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Preschool Irritability Predicts Adolescent Psychopathology and Functional Impairment: A 12-Year Prospective Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.08.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92021 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}