{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T13:23:39Z","timestamp":1792070619762,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007502","name":"Foundation for the Support Association for Christian Care of the Mentally ill","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["279"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["279"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007502","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["55500302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["55500302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T13:01:34Z","timestamp":1745499694000},"page":"231-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Predictors of Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Childhood Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8040-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noa E.","family":"van der Plas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3477-2255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siri D.S.","family":"Noordermeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0218-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Oosterlaan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1539-2831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjolein","family":"Luman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.08.001","article-title":"Live fast, die young? A review on the developmental trajectories of ADHD across the lifespan","volume":"28","author":"Franke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21010032","article-title":"Variable patterns of remission from ADHD in the Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD","volume":"179","author":"Sibley","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30190-0","article-title":"Method of adult diagnosis influences estimated persistence of childhood ADHD: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"3","author":"Sibley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib4","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.11m07529","article-title":"Adult outcome of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 16-year follow-up study","volume":"73","author":"Biederman","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.0465","article-title":"Evaluation of the persistence, remission, and emergence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood","volume":"73","author":"Agnew-Blais","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2354","article-title":"Mortality, ADHD, and psychosocial adversity in adults with childhood ADHD: a prospective study","volume":"131","author":"Barbaresi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.06.016","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Erskine","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2021.23","article-title":"Children and adolescents with ADHD followed up to adulthood: a systematic review of long-term outcomes","volume":"33","author":"Di Lorenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach","volume":"17","author":"Katzman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0126-1","article-title":"Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD","volume":"6","author":"Fredriksen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.08.002","article-title":"The burdened life of adults with ADHD: impairment beyond comorbidity","volume":"27","author":"Garcia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1944","article-title":"Association of psychiatric comorbidity with the risk of premature death among children and adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"76","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-014-0150-1","article-title":"Adult ADHD and suicide","volume":"6","author":"Furczyk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07091465","article-title":"Age of methylphenidate treatment initiation in children with ADHD and later substance abuse: prospective follow-up into adulthood","volume":"165","author":"Mannuzza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-022-00712-8","article-title":"Multimodal machine learning in precision health: a scoping review","volume":"5","author":"Kline","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0831-8","article-title":"Predictors of persistence of ADHD into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Caye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2021.105906","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"88","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib21","series-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","author":"Wells","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.12.004","article-title":"Recommendations for assessing the risk of bias in systematic reviews of health-care interventions","volume":"97","author":"Viswanathan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5","article-title":"Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates","volume":"1","author":"Hedges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib24","series-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291707002668","article-title":"The long-term longitudinal course of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in ADHD boys: findings from a controlled 10-year prospective longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Biederman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07091486","article-title":"Stimulant therapy and risk for subsequent substance use disorders in male adults with ADHD: a naturalistic controlled 10-year follow-up study","volume":"165","author":"Biederman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-3347","article-title":"Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study","volume":"124","author":"Biederman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.12.016","article-title":"Effect of candidate gene polymorphisms on the course of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"170","author":"Biederman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.06.009","article-title":"Predictors of persistent ADHD: an 11-year follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"Biederman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2011.01797.x","article-title":"Predictors of persistence in girls with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: results from an 11-year controlled follow-up study","volume":"125","author":"Biederman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.100339","article-title":"Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for other substance misuse: 10-year study of individuals with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"201","author":"Biederman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/a0035664","article-title":"A longitudinal study of childhood ADHD and substance dependence disorders in early adulthood","volume":"28","author":"Breyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.01.011","article-title":"Childhood predictors of adolescent and young adult outcome in ADHD","volume":"62","author":"Cheung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.05.032","article-title":"Childhood EEG as a predictor of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"122","author":"Clarke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.002","article-title":"ADHD, stimulant treatment in childhood and subsequent substance abuse in adulthood\u2014a naturalistic long-term follow-up study","volume":"39","author":"Dalsgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107947","article-title":"Differential implications of persistent, remitted, and late-onset ADHD symptoms for substance abuse in women and men: a twin study from ages 11 to 24","volume":"212","author":"Elkins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.11.025","article-title":"Childhood predictors of persistent ADHD in early adulthood: results from the first follow-up study in China","volume":"230","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.10.019","article-title":"Childhood CBCL bipolar profile and adolescent\/young adult personality disorders: a 9-year follow-up","volume":"130","author":"Halperin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.12015.x","article-title":"Delinquency, aggression, and attention-related problem behaviors differentially predict adolescent substance use in individuals diagnosed with ADHD","volume":"22","author":"Harty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.07.774","article-title":"Functional adult outcomes 16 years after childhood diagnosis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: MTA results","volume":"55","author":"Hechtman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0872-3","article-title":"No increase in long-term risk for nicotine use disorders after treatment with methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from a non-randomised retrospective study","volume":"115","author":"Huss","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-018-9260-y","article-title":"Substance use and nicotine dependence in persistent, remittent, and late-onset ADHD: a 10-year longitudinal study from childhood to young adulthood","volume":"10","author":"Ilbegi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurodev Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2018.09.001","article-title":"Childhood serotonergic function and early adult outcomes in youth with ADHD: a 15-year follow-up study","volume":"28","author":"Ivanov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.04.001","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder persistence into adulthood: results from the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"57","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949803100603","article-title":"Prospective study of tobacco smoking and substance dependencies among samples of ADHD and non-ADHD participants","volume":"31","author":"Lambert","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Learn Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.18m12642","article-title":"A 9-year follow-up of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder in a population sample","volume":"80","author":"Lecendreux","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2012.08.016","article-title":"Do SNPs of DRD4 gene predict adult persistence of ADHD in a Chinese sample?","volume":"205","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0916","article-title":"Childhood attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and the emergence of personality disorders in adolescence: a prospective follow-up study","volume":"69","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.2157","article-title":"Association between stimulant treatment and substance use through adolescence into early adulthood","volume":"80","author":"Molina","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547231154903","article-title":"Neuropsychological and symptom predictors of diagnostic persistence in ADHD: a 25-year follow-up study","volume":"27","author":"Oie","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.09.022","article-title":"Emotional dysregulation of ADHD in childhood predicts poor early-adulthood outcomes: a prospective follow up study","volume":"59","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Dev Disabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200011000-00017","article-title":"Natural outcome of ADHD with developmental coordination disorder at age 22 years: a controlled, longitudinal, community-based study","volume":"39","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.05.027","article-title":"Childhood factors affecting persistence and desistence of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adulthood: results from the MTA","volume":"55","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.04.007","article-title":"Trajectories of cerebral cortical development in childhood and adolescence and adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"74","author":"Shaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.11.003","article-title":"Substance use disorders in association with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, co-morbid mental disorders, and medication in a nationwide sample","volume":"24","author":"Steinhausen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211873","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbid patterns in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment effect and subtypes","volume":"14","author":"Tsai","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.01.021","article-title":"Does ADHD predict substance-use disorders? A 10-year follow-up study of young adults with ADHD","volume":"50","author":"Wilens","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2011.598834","article-title":"A prospective examination of the association of stimulant medication history and drug use outcomes among community samples of ADHD youths","volume":"20","author":"Winters","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054716676342","article-title":"Adults with persistent ADHD: gender and psychiatric comorbidities\u2014a population-based longitudinal study","volume":"22","author":"Yoshimasu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Atten Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.01.006","article-title":"A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes","volume":"123","author":"Boland","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112937","article-title":"Symptom scores and medication treatment patterns in children with ADHD versus autism","volume":"288","author":"Mayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-016-0750-x","article-title":"Life span studies of ADHD\u2014conceptual challenges and predictors of persistence and outcome","volume":"18","author":"Caye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12618-009-0024-1","article-title":"Review of prospective longitudinal studies of children with ADHD: mental health, educational, and social outcomes","volume":"1","author":"Sciberras","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Atten Disord Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0578-3","article-title":"The association between socioeconomic disadvantage and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review","volume":"47","author":"Russell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-016-0499-1","article-title":"Parental psychopathology in families of children with ADHD: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Cheung","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.005","article-title":"Childhood predictors of adult attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: results from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative","volume":"65","author":"Lara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0436-6","article-title":"The complicated relationship between attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders","volume":"16","author":"Zulauf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105313","article-title":"Genetic architecture of ADHD and overlap with other psychiatric disorders and cognition-related phenotypes","volume":"153","author":"Ribases","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2022.0016","article-title":"The impact of pharmacotherapy of childhood-onset psychiatric disorders on the development of substance use disorders","volume":"32","author":"Wilens","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.05.004","article-title":"Childhood psychiatric disorders as risk factor for subsequent substance abuse: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Groenman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2019.1628277","article-title":"Comorbidity between ADHD and anxiety disorders across the lifespan","volume":"23","author":"D'Agati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-015-0183-0","article-title":"Demographic, developmental and psychosocial predictors of the development of anxiety in adults with ADHD","volume":"8","author":"Grogan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmental-2018-300050","article-title":"Twenty years of research on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): looking back, looking forward","volume":"21","author":"Cortese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-devpsych-060320-093413","article-title":"Development of ADHD: etiology, heterogeneity, and early life course","volume":"2","author":"Nigg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Dev Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12402-010-0040-0","article-title":"Developmental comorbidity in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"2","author":"Taurines","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atten Defic Hyperact Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.11.013","article-title":"Pre- and perinatal risk factors in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"71","author":"Halmoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02852-9","article-title":"Machine learning and the prediction of suicide in psychiatric populations: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Pigoni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-056052","article-title":"Machine learning prediction models for neurodevelopmental outcome after preterm birth: a scoping review and new machine learning evaluation framework","volume":"150","author":"van Boven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000050","article-title":"Comorbidity between attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder across the lifespan: a systematic and critical review","volume":"23","author":"Abramovitch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4236\/ojepi.2013.34028","article-title":"The association between ADHD and eating disorders\/pathology in adolescents: a systematic review","author":"Curtin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856725002151?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856725002151?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T23:43:40Z","timestamp":1771285420000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856725002151"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856725002151"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Predictors of Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Childhood Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.04.012","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92025 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}