{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:46:48Z","timestamp":1787662008707,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":201,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacap.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T06:31:32Z","timestamp":1755239492000},"page":"105-138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Clinical Practice Guideline: Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents and Young Adults With Substance Use Disorders and Problematic Substance Use (Excluding Tobacco)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5799-9706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol M.","family":"Rockhill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5988-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ujjwal","family":"Ramtekkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8400-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timothy D.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Greenhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5985-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munya","family":"Hayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3243-8336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma A.","family":"Vasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3467-3807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. Reese","family":"Abright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7609-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John M.","family":"Diamond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lelis Nazario","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1594-6638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather J.","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib2","series-title":"text revision (DSM-5-TR)","article-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib1","series-title":"Interventions for substance use disorders in adolescents: a systematic review","author":"Steele","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2021.101978","article-title":"Association of opioid misuse with anxiety and depression: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"84","author":"Rogers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"76","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of cannabis use in adolescence and risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidality in young adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2021.07.807","article-title":"Adaptive treatment for youth with substance use and depression: early depression response and short-term outcomes","volume":"61","author":"Curry","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12783","article-title":"Research review: what have we learned about adolescent substance use?","volume":"59","author":"Gray","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.11294","article-title":"Nondisordered cannabis use among US adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Sultan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00013-4","article-title":"Why young people\u2019s substance use matters for global health","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib9","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-III-R","year":"1987"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib10","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib11","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib12","article-title":"Monitoring The Future","author":"Miech","year":"2022","journal-title":"National survey results on drug use, 1975\u20132022: secondary school students"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib13","author":"Miech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.108019","article-title":"Treatment of overdose in the synthetic opioid era","volume":"233","author":"Skolnick","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2312084","article-title":"The overdose crisis among U.S. adolescents","volume":"390","author":"Friedman","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.13506","article-title":"Youth fatal drug overdose and suicide: trends in Connecticut, 2019-2021","volume":"33","author":"Kaminer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.6.1041","article-title":"Developmental neurocircuitry of motivation in adolescence: a critical period of addiction vulnerability","volume":"160","author":"Chambers","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12516","article-title":"Annual research review: on the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders","volume":"57","author":"Conrod","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.019","article-title":"Neural activation during inhibition predicts initiation of substance use in adolescence","volume":"119","author":"Norman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.07.012","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 fMRI activation to a response inhibition task predicts future substance use","volume":"38","author":"Mahmood","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsu022","article-title":"Effects of reward sensitivity and regional brain volumes on substance use initiation in adolescence","volume":"10","author":"Uro\u0161evi\u0107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-015-0048-9","article-title":"Neuroimaging risk markers for substance abuse: recent findings on inhibitory control and reward system functioning","volume":"2","author":"Heitzeg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172906","article-title":"Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior","volume":"192","author":"Lees","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8250","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1165-19.2019","article-title":"Cannabis and the developing brain: insights into its long-lasting effects","volume":"39","author":"Hurd","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2008.00806.x","article-title":"Age at first drink and the first incidence of adult-onset DSM-IV alcohol use disorders","volume":"32","author":"Dawson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02174.x","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent predictors of heavy drinking and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood: a longitudinal developmental analysis","volume":"103","author":"Englund","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib29","series-title":"Developmental Psychopathology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Alcohol use and the alcohol use disorders over the life course: a cross-level developmental review","author":"Zucker","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.5371","article-title":"Risk of substance use disorder and its associations with comorbidities and psychotropic agents in patients with autism","volume":"175","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.6981","article-title":"Prevalence of substance use disorders by time since first substance use among young people in the US","volume":"175","author":"Volkow","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.10.021","article-title":"Neurobiological phenotypes associated with a family history of alcoholism","volume":"158","author":"Cservenka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714002165","article-title":"The heritability of alcohol use disorders: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies","volume":"45","author":"Verhulst","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.6235","article-title":"Patterns of mean age at drug use initiation among adolescents and emerging adults, 2004-2017","volume":"174","author":"Alcover","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.121.000361","article-title":"Sex\/gender differences in the time-course for the development of substance use disorder: a focus on the telescoping effect","volume":"75","author":"Towers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.06.006","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence","volume":"38","author":"Dube","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1916-6","article-title":"The role of early life stress as a predictor for alcohol and drug dependence","volume":"214","author":"Enoch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2004.06.004","article-title":"Pathways to adolescent alcohol use: family environment, peer influence, and parental expectations","volume":"37","author":"Nash","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2011.587961","article-title":"The effect of peer influence and selection processes on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"8","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.15121587","article-title":"Neural predictors of initiating alcohol use during adolescence","volume":"174","author":"Squeglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7513","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13402","article-title":"Neuropsychosocial profiles of current and future adolescent alcohol misusers","volume":"512","author":"Whelan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000320113.30811.46","article-title":"Adolescents with insomnia and substance abuse: consequences and comorbidities","volume":"14","author":"Shibley","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715002482","article-title":"Which adolescents develop persistent substance dependence in adulthood? Using population-representative longitudinal data to inform universal risk assessment","volume":"46","author":"Meier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00573-y","article-title":"Depression and ADHD-related risk for substance use in adolescence and early adulthood: concurrent and prospective associations in the MTA","volume":"47","author":"Howard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid bipolar and substance use disorders in clinical settings, 1990-2015: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"206","author":"Hunt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.067","article-title":"Substance abuse in patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"253","author":"Messer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1515754","article-title":"ADHD, depression, and substance abuse risk among beginning college students","volume":"68","author":"Mochrie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.08.026","article-title":"Substance use in youth at risk for psychosis","volume":"181","author":"Carney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Schizophr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib50","article-title":"The risk of substance use among adolescents and adults with eating disorders","volume":"12","author":"Eskander","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.08.019","article-title":"PTSD symptom presentation among people with alcohol and drug use disorders: comparisons by substance of abuse","volume":"76","author":"Dworkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2914-2","article-title":"Increased risk for substance use-related problems in autism spectrum disorders: a population-based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Butwicka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Autism Dev Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000501679","article-title":"A systematic review of substance use (disorder) in individuals with mild to borderline intellectual disability","volume":"25","author":"van Duijvenbode","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2012.694527","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of substance use among American Indians and Alaska Natives: risk, protection, and implications for prevention","volume":"38","author":"Whitesell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.106154","article-title":"African American adolescent substance use: the roles of racial discrimination and peer pressure","volume":"101","author":"Jelsma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2020.05.007","article-title":"Achieving mental health equity: addictions","volume":"43","author":"Jordan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2014.886321","article-title":"Gender minority social stress in adolescence: disparities in adolescent bullying and substance use by gender identity","volume":"52","author":"Reisner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2019.0066","article-title":"Substance use among a national sample of sexual and gender minority adolescents: intersections of sex assigned at birth and gender identity","volume":"7","author":"Watson","year":"2020","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su6901a5","article-title":"Prescription opioid misuse and use of alcohol and other substances among high school students\u2014Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.6981","article-title":"Prevalence of substance use disorders by time since first substance use among young people in the US","volume":"175","author":"Volkow","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib62","series-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib63","series-title":"AGREE-II User\u2019s Manual","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000159135.33706.37","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance use disorders","volume":"44","author":"Bukstein","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib65","series-title":"Lewis\u2019s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib66","series-title":"Adolescent Addiction: Epidemiology, Assessment, and Treatment","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib67","series-title":"Dulcan\u2019s Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi_2017_31_330","article-title":"Substance use in youth with borderline personality disorder","author":"Scalzo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib68","series-title":"JM Rey\u2019s IACAPAP e-Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib69","series-title":"Adolescent Substance Abuse: Evidence-Based Approaches to Prevention and Treatment (Issues in Children\u2019s and Families\u2019 Lives)","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib70","series-title":"Clinical Manual of Youth Addictive Disorders","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib71","series-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-1211","article-title":"Substance use screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment","volume":"138","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-023-00210-3","article-title":"Impact of implementation interventions to improve substance use service delivery on recidivism among justice-involved youth","volume":"11","author":"Robertson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2003.tb02723.x","article-title":"Validity of brief alcohol screening tests among adolescents: a comparison of the AUDIT, POSIT, CAGE, and CRAFFT","volume":"27","author":"Knight","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.04.015","article-title":"AUDIT and AUDIT-C as screening instruments for alcohol problem use in adolescents","volume":"188","author":"Liskola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789","article-title":"The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking","volume":"158","author":"Bush","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2012.12071000","article-title":"DSM-5 field trials in the United States and Canada, part III: development and reliability testing of a cross-cutting symptom assessment for DSM-5","volume":"170","author":"Narrow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(92)90008-J","article-title":"Development of an adolescent alcohol and other drug abuse screening scale: Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire","volume":"17","author":"Winters","year":"1992","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00185.x","article-title":"The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): development, reliability and feasibility","volume":"97","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib87","author":"Kaufman"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib88","article-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders","author":"First","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib89","series-title":"Columbia University DISC Development Group: Interviewer Manual","author":"Fisher, Lucas","year":"2006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.09m05305whi","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID)","volume":"71","author":"Sheehan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2008.09.007","article-title":"Preliminary comparative study of the personality disorder evaluation DIP instrument with the semi-structured SCID-II interview","volume":"35","author":"Massoubre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089109053184","article-title":"The Teen-Addiction Severity Index: rationale and reliability","volume":"26","author":"Kaminer","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib93","article-title":"Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN): administration guide for the GAIN and related measures","author":"Dennis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chestnut Health Systems"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.14422","article-title":"Assessment of screening tools to identify substance use disorders among adolescents","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108294","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of DSM-5 substance disorder measures as assessed with the PRISM-5, a clinician-administered diagnostic interview","volume":"216","author":"Hasin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib97","series-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment","article-title":"Chapter 5. Assessment","author":"Fong","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-021-07038-3","article-title":"Practical assessment of alcohol use disorder in routine primary care: performance of an alcohol symptom checklist","volume":"37","author":"Hallgren","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib99","series-title":"Dulcan\u2019s Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","article-title":"Chapter 12. Substance Use Disorders and Addictions","author":"Ignaszewski","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2017.06.039","article-title":"Evaluation and Treatment of Minors","volume":"71","author":"Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.15288\/jsads.2019.s18.9","article-title":"Seven core principles of substance use treatment system design to aid in identifying strengths, gaps, and required enhancements","volume":"18","author":"Rush","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.06.019","article-title":"Practice parameter for cultural competence in child and adolescent psychiatric practice","volume":"52","author":"Pumariega Andres","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000865","article-title":"The opioid epidemic in pediatrics: a 2020 update","volume":"33","author":"Yaster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2147\/OAEM.S235288","article-title":"Management of alcohol withdrawal in the emergency department: current perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Access Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2021.11.003","article-title":"Recommendations for emergency departments caring for persons with opioid use and opioid use disorders: an integrative review","volume":"48","author":"Slater","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Emerg Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib107","series-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","author":"Wilens","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.05.004","article-title":"Childhood psychiatric disorders as risk factor for subsequent substance abuse: a meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Groenman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.1937","article-title":"The epidemiology of drug abuse","volume":"61","author":"Ignaszewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2016.05.006","article-title":"Substance abuse and trauma","volume":"25","author":"Simmons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib111","series-title":"Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment","article-title":"Chapter 43. Epidemiology of co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders","author":"Schulden","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib112","series-title":"Clinical Manual of Youth Addictive Disorders","article-title":"Chapter 1. Diagnosis, epidemiology, and course of youth substance use disorders","author":"Montano","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(14)70307-4","article-title":"Young adult sequelae of adolescent cannabis use: an integrative analysis","volume":"1","author":"Silins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib114","series-title":"Clinical Manual of Youth Addictive Disorders","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of co-occurring externalizing disorders: attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavior disorders","author":"Ignaszewski","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.004","article-title":"Major depression and alcohol use disorder in adolescence: does comorbidity lead to poorer outcomes of depression?","volume":"206","author":"Boden","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.13025","article-title":"Associations of suicidality trends with cannabis use as a function of sex and depression status","volume":"4","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2021.967","article-title":"Adolescent cannabis use, depression and anxiety disorders in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986","volume":"7","author":"Mustonen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010523","article-title":"Examining the use of antidepressants for adolescents with depression\/anxiety who regularly use cannabis: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Hen-Shoval","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2013.00061","article-title":"Concurrent and simultaneous polydrug use: latent class analysis of an Australian nationally representative sample of young adults","volume":"1","author":"Quek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12263","article-title":"Polysubstance use, mental health and high-risk behaviours: results from the 2012 Global Drug Survey","volume":"34","author":"Morley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00079","article-title":"Polysubstance use in cannabis users referred for treatment: drug use profiles, psychiatric comorbidity and cannabis-related beliefs","volume":"4","author":"Connor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000771","article-title":"The developmental psychopathology of alcohol use and alcohol disorders: research achievements and future directions","volume":"25","author":"Chassin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib124","series-title":"2015. The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment","author":"Galanter","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173129","article-title":"Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence","volume":"203","author":"Bates","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib126","series-title":"Kaplan and Saddock\u2019s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry","article-title":"11.5. Cannabis-Related Disorders","author":"Hall","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1199","article-title":"Self-reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study","volume":"325","author":"Zammit","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(87)92620-1","article-title":"Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts","volume":"330","author":"Andr\u00e9asson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7322","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000880","article-title":"Association between cannabis use disorder and schizophrenia stronger in young males than in females","volume":"53","author":"Hjorth\u00f8j","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.001","article-title":"Association between cannabis and psychosis: epidemiologic evidence","volume":"79","author":"Gage","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbw003","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the level of cannabis use and risk of psychosis","volume":"42","author":"Marconi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2019.02.006","article-title":"Integrated treatment of adolescents with co-occurring depression and substance use disorder","volume":"28","author":"Hinckley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1213273","article-title":"Cannabis and development of dual diagnoses: a literature review","volume":"43","author":"Hanna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2016.12.014","article-title":"Evidence for the risks and consequences of adolescent cannabis exposure","volume":"56","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000744","article-title":"Simultaneous trajectories of alcohol and cannabis use from adolescence to emerging adulthood: associations with role transitions and functional outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Tucker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12414","article-title":"Harm reduction\u2014a systematic review on effects of alcohol reduction on physical and mental symptoms","volume":"22","author":"Charlet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.596601","article-title":"Cannabis and cognitive functioning: from acute to residual effects, from randomized controlled trials to prospective designs","volume":"12","author":"Bourque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.689957","article-title":"Assessing changes in symptoms of depression and anxiety during four weeks of cannabis abstinence among adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Cooke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000512","article-title":"Medical burden of disease among individuals in recovery from alcohol and other drug problems in the United States: findings from the National Recovery Survey","volume":"13","author":"Eddie","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib140","series-title":"Kaplan and Sadock\u2019s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry","article-title":"Alcohol-related disorders","author":"Schuckit","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000883","article-title":"Medical marijuana, recreational cannabis, and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"142","author":"Page","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2020.07.002","article-title":"Reevaluating America\u2019s latest pharmaceutical trend: the cardiovascular risk of cannabis","volume":"38","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.027828","article-title":"Marijuana use among young adults (18-44 years of age) and risk of stroke: a Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey analysis","volume":"51","author":"Parekh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042615616431","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal, posttreatment abstinence, and days to first cannabis use among emerging adults in substance use treatment: a prospective study","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15743","article-title":"Clinical management of cannabis withdrawal","volume":"117","author":"Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.21060664","article-title":"Long-term cannabis use and cognitive reserves and hippocampal volume in midlife","volume":"179","author":"Meier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1258","article-title":"Association of cannabis use during adolescence with neurodevelopment","volume":"78","author":"Albaugh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib148","series-title":"Kaplan and Sadock\u2019s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry","article-title":"11.9. Opioid use and related disorders: from neuroscience to treatment","author":"Luo","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib149","article-title":"Stimulant misuse among youth","volume":"52","author":"LaBossier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00608-y","article-title":"Running with scissors: a systematic review of substance use and the pre-exposure prophylaxis care continuum among sexual minority men","volume":"19","author":"Viamonte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11795565231162297","article-title":"Old dog, new tricks: a review of identifying and addressing youth cannabis vaping in the pediatric clinical setting","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00414-y","article-title":"To what extent do supervised drug consumption services incorporate non-injection routes of administration? A systematic scoping review documenting existing facilities","volume":"17","author":"Speed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036657","article-title":"Predictors and moderators of agreement between clinical and research diagnoses for children and adolescents","volume":"82","author":"Jensen-Doss Amanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2019.04.021","article-title":"Computer-assisted psychiatric diagnosis","volume":"59","author":"Kobak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001115","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Achenbach scales in detecting youths\u2019 substance use disorders","volume":"34","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib158","series-title":"Rutter\u2019s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","first-page":"931","article-title":"Substance-related and addictive disorders","author":"Crowley","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib159","first-page":"5","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy: increasing clinician awareness of this serious, enigmatic, yet treatable disease","volume":"17","author":"Rebello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2021.2023240","article-title":"Harm reduction strategies among university students who use alcohol and cannabis, and related psychological variables: a systematic review","volume":"54","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ponce","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-018-0217-8","article-title":"Harm reduction for youth in treatment for substance use disorders: one size does not fit all","volume":"5","author":"Bagot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0013","article-title":"Risk factors for drug overdose in young people: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Lyons","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319221147246","article-title":"The effect of naloxone access laws on fatal synthetic opioid overdose fatality rates","volume":"14","author":"Tabatabai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Prim Care Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.2847","article-title":"Trends in drug overdose deaths among US adolescents, January 2010 to June 2021","volume":"327","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014732","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnoses as contemporaneous risk factors for suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults: developmental changes","volume":"77","author":"Goldston","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.08.003","article-title":"Association of alcohol and drug use disorders and completed suicide: an empirical review of cohort studies","volume":"76","author":"Wilcox","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2003.12.013","article-title":"Prevention programs for reducing adolescent problem behaviors: implications of the co-occurrence of problem behaviors in adolescence","volume":"36","author":"Guilamo-Ramos","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1922453","article-title":"Substance use and childhood sexual abuse among girls who are victims of commercial sexual exploitation","volume":"56","author":"Cyders","year":"2021","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2015.04.004","article-title":"Characteristics of child commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking victims presenting for medical care in the United States","volume":"44","author":"Varma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-009-0051-6","article-title":"Community violence and youth: affect, behavior, substance use, and academics","volume":"12","author":"Cooley-Strickland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib172","series-title":"The ASAM Criteria: Treatment for Addictive, Substance-Related, and Co-Occurring Conditions","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12185","article-title":"Addiction and suicide: a review","volume":"24","author":"Yuodelis-Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-023523F","article-title":"Principles of care for young adults with co-occurring psychiatric and substance use disorders","volume":"147","author":"Spencer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-018-0209-8","article-title":"Clinical course and relapse among adolescents presenting for treatment of substance use disorders: recent findings","volume":"5","author":"Buckheit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Addict Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1798","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0865","article-title":"Testing for drugs of abuse in children and adolescents","volume":"133","author":"Levy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107991","article-title":"Identifying optimal level-of-care placement decisions for adolescent substance use treatment","volume":"212","author":"Agniel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib184","series-title":"Adolescent Substance Abuse: Evidence-Based Approaches to Prevention","first-page":"191","article-title":"Residential treatment of adolescents with substance use disorders: evidence-based approaches and best practice recommendations","author":"Lichvar","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S204","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-023523D","article-title":"Evidence-based treatment of young adults with substance use disorders","volume":"147","author":"Hadland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2016.06.003","article-title":"Continuing care for adolescents in treatment for substance use disorders","volume":"25","author":"Passetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2020.06.006","article-title":"Measurement-based care in the treatment of adolescents with substance use disorders","volume":"29","author":"Simon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2016.05.001","article-title":"Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment","volume":"25","author":"Borus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2024.03.010","article-title":"Narrative review: revised principles and practice recommendations for adolescent substance use treatment and policy","volume":"64","author":"Welsh","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-053458","article-title":"State-by-state variability in adolescent privacy laws","volume":"149","author":"Sharko","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib194","series-title":"Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) series, no. 36. Chapter 6\u2014legal responsibilities and recourse","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0351","article-title":"Brief behavioral interventions for substance use in adolescents: a meta-analysis","volume":"146","author":"Steele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib198","author":"Wells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j4008","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.06.004","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 9. Rating up the quality of evidence","volume":"64","author":"Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib202","series-title":"Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change","author":"Miller","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib204","unstructured":"Rosengren DB. Building Motivational Interviewing Skills: A Practitioner Workbook. 2nd ed. The Guilford Press; 2027."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02889.x","article-title":"2006. Project MATCH secondary a priori hypotheses","volume":"92","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000128231.97817.C7","article-title":"Brief alcohol interventions with mandated or adjudicated college students","volume":"28","author":"Barnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00179-4","article-title":"Motivational interviewing in a group setting with mandated clients","volume":"27","author":"Lincourt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490601184498","article-title":"Stepped care for mandated college students: a pilot study","volume":"16","author":"Borsari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.06.017","article-title":"Efficacy of counselor vs. computer-delivered intervention with mandated college students","volume":"32","author":"Barnett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib210","series-title":"Handbook of Forensic Mental Health with Victims and Offenders: Assessment, Treatment, and Research","first-page":"247","article-title":"Sex, drugs, and rock \u2018n\u2019 rolling with resistance: motivational interviewing in juvenile justice settings","author":"Feldstein","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib211","series-title":"Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change","first-page":"333","article-title":"Motivational interviewing with criminal justice populations","author":"Ginsburg","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.97.s01.2.x","article-title":"The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) experiment: rationale, study design and analysis plans","volume":"97","author":"Dennis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-015-0012-x","article-title":"The impact of teen courts on youth outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"1","author":"Gase","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adolecent Research Review"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib214","series-title":"Policy makers support youth court growth, voices and recommendations from the field","author":"Peterson","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1159\/000515667","article-title":"Motivational interviewing for cannabis use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Calomarde-G\u00f3mez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000311","article-title":"Cognitive behavioral interventions for alcohol and drug use disorders: through the stage model and back again","volume":"31","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"issue":"74","key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2010.01268.x","article-title":"Implementation of NIAAA College Drinking Task Force recommendations: how are colleges doing 6 years later?","volume":"34","author":"Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2013.74.777","article-title":"Characterizing college systems for addressing student alcohol use: latent class analysis of U.S. four-year colleges","volume":"74","author":"Toomey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3200\/JACH.52.4.159-168","article-title":"Colleges respond to student binge drinking: reducing student demand or limiting access","volume":"52","author":"Wechsler","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2015.0036","article-title":"How are 2-year US colleges addressing student alcohol use and related problems?","volume":"56","author":"Lenk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Coll Stud Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2010.534214","article-title":"A survey of 100 community colleges on student substance use, programming, and collaborations","volume":"59","author":"Chiauzzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib223","series-title":"Planning alcohol Interventions using NIAAA\u2019s CollegeAIM Alcohol Intervention Matrix","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib225","article-title":"Partnership to End Addiction","year":"2025","journal-title":"Family Resource Center"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2015.1037517","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for substance use disorders in youths","volume":"25","author":"Hammond","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.6266","article-title":"Treatments used among adolescent residential addiction treatment facilities in the US, 2022","volume":"329","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000633","article-title":"The ASAM National Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder: 2020 focused update","volume":"14","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000388","article-title":"Buprenorphine treatment for adolescents and young adults with opioid use disorders: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Borodovsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2009.00005.x","article-title":"Drug interactions of clinical importance among the opioids, methadone and buprenorphine, and other frequently prescribed medications: a review","volume":"19","author":"McCance-Katz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Addict"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006_bib233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000272","article-title":"A review of behavioral therapies in adolescents with opioid use disorder","volume":"28","author":"Welsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856725014248?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0890856725014248?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T23:45:06Z","timestamp":1771285506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0890856725014248"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":201,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0890856725014248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["0890-8567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0890-8567","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical Practice Guideline: Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents and Young Adults With Substance Use Disorders and Problematic Substance Use (Excluding Tobacco)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2025.08.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a92025 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}