{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T18:00:04Z","timestamp":1779386404560,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000052","name":"NIH Office of the Director","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 TS000135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 TS000135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","jaacapopen.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JAACAP Open"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T21:31:58Z","timestamp":1688506318000},"page":"184-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Neurodevelopmental Profiles of 4-Year-Olds in the Navajo Birth Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"1","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1548-4322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon J.","family":"Rennie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2592-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somer","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6985-3691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bennett L.","family":"Leventhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0821-2716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuting","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen F.","family":"Geib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Shin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney","family":"Burnette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Salzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara S.","family":"Nozadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosanna","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Whitney","family":"Ence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila","family":"Ghods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria L.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"MacKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnnye","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306398","article-title":"Confronting legacies of structural racism and settler colonialism to understand COVID-19 impacts on the Navajo Nation","volume":"111","author":"Emerson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732312450324","article-title":"\u201cWe\u2019re still in a struggle\u201d: Dine resilience, survival, historical trauma, and healing","volume":"22","author":"Goodkind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109943","article-title":"Exposure to uranium and co-occurring metals among pregnant Navajo women","volume":"190","author":"Hoover","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198307)39:4<598::AID-JCLP2270390423>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"Comparison of the WISC-R and PPVT-R with Navajo children","volume":"39","author":"Naglieri","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1984.12085080","article-title":"Cognitive functioning of American Indian children: Moving from the WISC to WISC-R","volume":"13","author":"McShane","year":"1984","journal-title":"School Psychol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib7","first-page":"32","article-title":"The Raven Matrices and Navajo children: normative characteristics and culture fair application to issues of intelligence, giftedness, and academic proficiency","volume":"33","author":"MacAvoy","year":"1993","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Indian Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib8","first-page":"150","article-title":"Reliability and predictive validity of the WISC-R with Navajos","volume":"20","author":"Mishra","year":"1982","journal-title":"J\u00a0School Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1044\/2018_JSLHR-L-17-0313","article-title":"Dynamic assessment of narratives among Navajo preschoolers","volume":"61","author":"Henderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Indirect langauge assessment tool for English-speaking Cherokee Indian children","volume":"38","author":"Long","year":"1998","journal-title":"J\u00a0Am Indian Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib11","series-title":"Comparison of Volunteer and Referred Children on Individual Measures of Assessment: A Native American Sample","author":"Atkinson","year":"1994"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.21724","article-title":"Factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children-Fourth Edition among referred Native American students","volume":"50","author":"Nakano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol Sch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib13","series-title":"Psychometric Analyses of Child Outcome Measures With American Indian and Alaska Native Preschoolers: Initial Evidence From AI\/AN FACES 2015","author":"Malone","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1044\/2020_AJSLP-19-00179","article-title":"Beyond scores: using converging evidence to determine speech and language services eligibility for dual language learners","volume":"29","author":"Castilla-Earls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Speech Lang Pathol"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/1536710X.2015.1068261","article-title":"Environmental exposures to metals in Native communities and implications for child development: basis for the Navajo birth cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Lewis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Soc Work Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12704","article-title":"Use of Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) in a Navajo population: Comparison with the U.S. normative dataset","volume":"45","author":"Nozadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00547","article-title":"Family environment, neurodevelopmental risk, and the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Initiative: looking back and moving forward","volume":"11","author":"Bush","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib18","series-title":"The Differential Ability Scale\u2013","author":"Elliot","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib19","series-title":"Oral and Written Language Scales","author":"Carrow-Woolfolk","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib20","series-title":"Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales","author":"Sparrow","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib21","series-title":"Manual for the ASEBA Preschool Forms & Profiles","author":"Achenbach","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib22","series-title":"Childhood Autism Rating Scale","author":"Schopler","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib23","series-title":"Social Responsiveness Scale","author":"Constantino","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib24","series-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109709","article-title":"A\u00a0framework for assessing the impact of chemical exposures on neurodevelopment in ECHO: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"188","author":"Schantz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6904a1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2016","volume":"69","author":"Maenner","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-311271","article-title":"Current evidence-based recommendations on investigating children with global developmental delay","volume":"102","author":"Mithyantha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1044\/jslhr.4006.1245","article-title":"Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children","volume":"40","author":"Tomblin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J\u00a0Speech Lang Hear Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-020-00342-5","article-title":"Prevalence and cumulative incidence of autism spectrum disorders and the patterns of co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders in a total population sample of 5-year-old children","volume":"11","author":"Saito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Autism"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7201a1","article-title":"Early identification of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 4 years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 sites, United States, 2020","volume":"72","author":"Shaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14374","article-title":"Hospitalization rates of children by developmental disability, maternal nativity, and Indigenous status: the complexity of intersectionality","volume":"62","author":"Slaughter-Acey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8930","article-title":"The environmental \u201criskscape\u201d and social inequality: implications for explaining maternal and child health disparities","volume":"114","author":"Morello-Frosch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-010-9381-x","article-title":"Overlaps between autism and language impairment: phenomimicry or shared etiology?","volume":"40","author":"Bishop","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib34","series-title":"Transforming Din\u00e9 Education: Innovations in Pedagogy and Practice","first-page":"31","article-title":"Language assessment of Navajo Children","author":"Vining","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a801","DOI":"10.4102\/sajce.v10i1.801","article-title":"Long-term effects of childhood speech and language disorders: A scoping review","volume":"10","author":"Langbecker","year":"2020","journal-title":"South African Journal of Childhood Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020803","article-title":"An exploratory analysis of American Indian children\u2019s cultural engagement, fluid cognitive skills, and standardized verbal IQ scores","volume":"47","author":"Tsethlikai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib37","series-title":"The state of education for Native students. In","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1080\/15313204.2016.1263818","article-title":"\u2018Our kids aren\u2019t dropping out; they\u2019re being pushed out\u2019: Native American students and racial microaggressions in schools","volume":"26","author":"Johnston-Goodstar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work: Innovation in Theory, Research & Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003_bib39","series-title":"Public High School Four-Year On-Time Graduation Rates and Event Dropout Rates: School Years 2010-11 and 2011-12. First Look. NCES 2014-391","author":"Stetser","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["JAACAP Open"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949732923000200?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2949732923000200?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T12:52:02Z","timestamp":1778935922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2949732923000200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S2949732923000200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["2949-7329"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2949-7329","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Neurodevelopmental Profiles of 4-Year-Olds in the Navajo Birth Cohort Study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"JAACAP Open","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaacop.2023.06.003","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}